Questions and Answers
Define and give examples of primary and secondary aging.
Primary aging refers to changes that occur on a molecular and cellular level within the body, such as wrinkling skin and greying hair. Secondary aging is aging that occurs due to lack of exercise or poor nutrition, such as arthritis and diabetes.
Understand modifiable causes of decline in aging.
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Define and know the difference between life expectancy, life span, and health expectancy.
Life Expectancy is how long you can expect to live, Life Span is how long you could possibly live, and Health Expectancy is how long you can expect to stay healthy.
Define the elements of an older adult's health behaviors and adaptation/sense of identity according to the Identity Process Theory.
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Match the following psychosocial stages of development with their corresponding crisis:
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What is selective optimization with compensation?
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Define, compare, and contrast cross-sectional and longitudinal design.
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Identify cohort effects from a description of a study finding.
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Familiarize yourself with tips for communicating with someone with hearing loss.
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Understand normal age-related changes to muscle, bones, and joints.
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Identify biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that influence sexuality in older adults.
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Define long-term care and its different types.
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What does Medicare typically cover for long-term care?
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Understand the concept of person-environment fit.
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Define the various cognitive domains.
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Understand how cognitive domains change with age.
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Know the different types of memory.
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Understand factors that can improve cognition.
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Know the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Know diagnostic criteria for Major and Minor Neurocognitive Disorder.
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Understand various types of dementia and accompanying symptoms.
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Understand the difference between psychodynamic and trait theories of personality.
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Know traits associated with the Five-Factor Model (OCEAN).
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Understand how OCEAN traits change with age.
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Describe Socioemotional Selectivity Theory.
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Explain the diathesis-stress model in relation to mental health.
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Provide explanations for why mental illness may be missed in older adults.
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Know the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder.
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Understand how personality disorders change in older adulthood.
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Identify biological, psychological, and social factors that may contribute to suicide in older adults.
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Know the components of psychological assessment.
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Understand types of elder abuse and when it is likely to occur.
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Understand the different dying trajectories.
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Define death ethos.
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Describe what hospice care is.
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Know the difference between grief and bereavement.
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Understand major points from Applewhite's book about how older adults deal with death.
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Understand differences between Rowe & Kahn's definition of successful aging and subsequent definitions.
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Know the definition of successful cognitive aging.
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Define the paradox of well-being.
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Study Notes
Primary and Secondary Aging
- Primary Aging: Involves unavoidable biological changes at the molecular and cellular level, such as wrinkling skin and greying hair.
- Secondary Aging: Results from environmental influences and lifestyle choices, leading to conditions like arthritis and diabetes.
Modifiable Causes of Decline in Aging
- Factors influencing aging decline can be altered through lifestyle choices, including exercise and nutrition.
Life Expectancy, Life Span, and Health Expectancy
- Life Expectancy: Average anticipated lifespan based on statistical data.
- Life Span: Maximum potential length of life for an individual.
- Health Expectancy: Duration an individual is expected to live in good health.
Identity Process Theory and Health Behaviors
- Identity and self-perception evolve with age; challenges to self-schemas prompt responses.
- Identity Accommodation: Adjusting self-concept in reaction to changes.
- Identity Assimilation: Integrating changes while maintaining a core self-concept.
- Identity Balance: Harmonizing self-view with external changes.
Psychosocial Stage Theory
- Eight developmental crises occur through life stages, each impacting personality and development.
- Generativity vs Stagnation: In middle adulthood, focus on contributions to society vs self-absorption.
- Ego Integrity vs Despair: In older adulthood, acceptance of life achievements vs regret.
Selective Optimization with Compensation
- Older adults employ strategic adaptation to aging by focusing on key goals and compensating for losses to maintain functionality.
Research Designs: Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal
- Cross-Sectional Design: Studies different age groups at one point in time; useful for identifying age-related differences.
- Longitudinal Design: Follows the same individuals over time; useful for understanding changes within individuals.
Cohort Effects
- Refers to the influence of shared experiences among a specific group (cohort) over time, especially relevant in longitudinal studies.
Communicating with Hearing Loss
- Utilize clear speech, face the person, reduce background noise, and use visual aids to improve communication.
Normal Age-Related Changes in Anatomy
- Muscle mass, bone density, and joint flexibility typically decline with age, impacting mobility and strength.
Factors Influencing Sexuality in Older Adults
- Biological, psychological, and sociocultural elements all play roles in shaping the sexual behaviors of older adults.
Types of Long-Term Care
- Nursing Homes: Provide comprehensive care including meals and medical assistance.
- Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNF): Offer intensive care.
- Assisted Living Facilities: Combine independent living with access to supportive services.
Medicare and Long-Term Care Coverage
- Limited coverage primarily for rehabilitation services; supplemental support may come from philanthropic organizations.
Person-Environment Fit
- The alignment between an individual and their environment can impact overall well-being, particularly in older adults.
Cognitive Domains
- Cognitive functions include processing speed, executive function, memory types (short-term, semantic, episodic, procedural).
Cognitive Changes with Age
- Various cognitive domains experience changes with aging; impact can differ across individuals.
Types of Memory
- Short-Term Memory: Temporary storage of information.
- Semantic Memory: Knowledge of facts and concepts.
- Episodic Memory: Recall of personal experiences.
- Procedural Memory: Skills and habits.
Factors to Improve Cognition
- Engagement in physical activity, mental stimulation, social interaction, and healthy nutrition can enhance cognitive functioning.
Dementia vs. Alzheimer's Disease
- Dementia is a general term for cognitive decline; Alzheimer's is a specific diagnosis, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment.
Neurocognitive Disorders Criteria
- Criteria for Major and Minor Neurocognitive Disorders include cognitive deficits affecting daily functioning and independence.
Types of Dementia
- Key types of dementia include Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease, each with specific symptoms and biomarkers.
Psychodynamic vs. Trait Theories of Personality
- Psychodynamic theory emphasizes subconscious influences and development stages, while trait theory focuses on measurable characteristics.
Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)
- Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism are the five traits that characterize personality; each has unique features.
Change in OCEAN Traits with Age
- Personality traits may shift with aging, often showing trends like increased conscientiousness and emotional stability.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
- Focuses on how aging influences relationships, emphasizing emotional satisfaction over informational gain.
Diathesis-Stress Model
- This model explains mental health challenges as a result of an interaction between predisposed vulnerabilities and environmental stressors.
Diagnosis of Mental Illness in Older Adults
- Symptoms may be overlooked due to age-related stereotypes and under-reporting by older individuals.
Major Depressive Disorder Criteria
- Characterized by persistent depressive moods, loss of interest, and functional impairment.
Personality Disorders in Older Adulthood
- These disorders may exhibit changes in presentation and intensity as individuals age.
Contributing Factors to Suicide in Older Adults
- Biological, psychological, and social factors can elevate suicide risk, including chronic illness, isolation, and mental health issues.
Psychological Assessment Components
- An assessment typically includes interviews, standardized testing, and observation to evaluate mental health.
Types of Elder Abuse
- Forms of elder abuse include physical, emotional, sexual, financial, and neglect, often occurring in situations of dependency.
Dying Trajectories
- Different trajectories outline ways in which the dying process can unfold, influenced by illness and personal circumstances.
Death Ethos
- Refers to cultural attitudes and beliefs surrounding death, which can significantly impact end-of-life experiences.
Hospice Care
- A specialized form of healthcare that focuses on providing comfort and quality of life for individuals with terminal illness.
Grief vs. Bereavement
- Grief is the emotional response to loss, while bereavement is the state of having lost someone.
Perspectives on Death in Older Adults
- Older adults may confront death with varying attitudes, often shaped by life experiences and cultural context.
Definitions of Successful Aging
- Definitions of successful aging have evolved, originally focused on health and longevity, shifting towards subjective well-being and life satisfaction.
Successful Cognitive Aging
- Successful cognitive aging implies maintaining cognitive function and competence later in life.
Paradox of Well-Being
- Suggests that despite physical decline, older adults often report high levels of life satisfaction and well-being.
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Prepare for your Psychology of Aging exam with these flashcards covering key concepts like primary and secondary aging. Explore examples of age-related changes and modifiable causes of decline. A great resource to solidify your understanding of psychological aging.
