Psychology Multiple Choice Questions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between typical multiple-choice questions and short answer questions?

  • They rely on recognition and recall, respectively. (correct)
  • They rely on maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal, respectively.
  • They rely on recall and recognition, respectively.
  • They rely on elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal, respectively.

    • Which psychological perspective emphasizes the usefulness of forgetting?

  • Functionalist (correct)
  • Structuralist
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behaviourist

    • Which scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?

  • A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
  • A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.
  • A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework. (correct)
  • A student is sent to detention for fighting.

    • What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system; central nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the retina contains a high concentration of cones?

    <p>Fovea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What memory system is responsible for holding information about surrounding stimuli at a given moment?

    <p>Sensory memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability to apply research findings to different contexts?

    <p>Generalizability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is defined as the initial phase of learning when a response is first established?

    <p>Acquisition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobes are primarily responsible for higher cognitive functions like planning and language production?

    <p>Frontal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the synthesis aspect of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming focus on?

    <p>Cortical activity attempting to make sense of random neuronal firing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bandura’s study of children and the Bobo doll, which group of children was found to be more aggressive in free play?

    <p>Children who saw the model rewarded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If neuronal communication were likened to radio transmission, which part would be considered the transmitter?

    <p>Axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caroline's inquiry about scientific evidence regarding diet illustrates which critical thinking element?

    <p>Skepticism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ecological validity refers to the ability of research findings to be applicable in real-world situations.

    <p>whether the results of a laboratory study can be applied to the real world. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The optic nerve creates an area of the retina devoid of photoreceptors, known as the:

    <p>optic disc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Octavia experiences a lack of inhibition in muscle movements during dreaming and acts out her dreams. This condition is known as:

    <p>REM behavior disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operant conditioning method did Octavia’s parents utilize when they praised her for getting the bedspread pulled up?

    <p>shaping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where a conditioned response weakens due to a lack of pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is called:

    <p>extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudoscience refers to claims that appear scientific but lack proper methodological support. This can involve:

    <p>ideas presented as science without the scientific method. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blaine’s gradual resurgence of fear towards geese after encountering them years later exemplifies:

    <p>spontaneous recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auditory sensory memory is described as echoic memory, while its visual counterpart is referred to as:

    <p>iconic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A correlation of 0.00 indicates that:

    <p>variables are unrelated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of bringing information from long-term memory back to short-term memory is known as:

    <p>retrieval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, a simultaneous occurrence of physiological response and emotion occurs. What happens next?

    <p>You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process involved when Bethany's scale converts physical pressure into an electrical signal is called:

    <p>transduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dan and Joel's attempt to fly from the garage roof after watching Superman is best explained by the concept of:

    <p>observational learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The malleus, incus, and stapes are collectively known as:

    <p>ossicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be reliably detected is referred to as the:

    <p>absolute threshold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditioned response in the scenario described with the firecrackers?

    <p>The children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is described as the white, outer surface of the eye?

    <p>Sclera (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would you determine if classical conditioning has been successfully achieved?

    <p>The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone elicits the conditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary believes that more ice cream cones are sold in July versus November, but is surprised to learn there is little difference. This exemplifies which type of error?

    <p>An illusory correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is TRUE about critical thinking?

    <p>It forces us to examine our own assumptions and biases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between levels of light and melatonin production?

    <p>High levels of light lead to low levels of melatonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about sleepwalking?

    <p>Sleepwalking is more prevalent in childhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is defined as one that:

    <p>Does not initially elicit a response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the low-voltage brain waves produced during the twilight stage between waking and sleeping called?

    <p>Alpha waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains why Sertan and Nur might underperform when tested in different environments?

    <p>Encoding specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, which statement defines the unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>The stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Clay and Bruce showing differing levels of when it comes to tuning out irrelevant sensory information?

    <p>Selective attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of stimuli must be associated for classical conditioning to take place?

    <p>Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus is likely the most effective conditioned stimulus in fear conditioning?

    <p>Spider (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For Maslow, which of the following is considered the most highly evolved motive?

    <p>Self-actualization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of functionalist psychology in understanding memory?

    <p>The usefulness of forgetting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a system that accommodates all sensory input at a particular moment?

    <p>Sensory memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the ability to extend research results to different situations or individuals?

    <p>Generalizability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of operant conditioning, which scenario accurately depicts negative reinforcement?

    <p>A student avoiding chores due to finishing homework early (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of learning is characterized by the establishment of a response through conditioning?

    <p>Acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological perspective would be most concerned with understanding the emotions involved in social situations?

    <p>Functionalist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must Professor Golder do to account for potential pre-existing variables in her study on hyperactivity?

    <p>Utilize random assignment for her groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the retina is specifically associated with high cone concentration and detailed vision?

    <p>Fovea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobes are primarily responsible for inhibiting impulses and emotion regulation?

    <p>Frontal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the synthesis aspect of the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming primarily relate to?

    <p>Cortical activity making sense of random neuronal firing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bandura's study, which behavior was observed among children who saw the model rewarded?

    <p>They displayed learned aggression in a free play situation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If neuronal communication resembles a radio system, which part corresponds to the antenna?

    <p>Dendrites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caroline's skepticism about the claim that chili peppers can boost metabolism reflects which critical thinking component?

    <p>Skepticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ecological validity refer to?

    <p>Whether the results of a laboratory study can be applied to the real world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the retina is created by the optic nerve and contains no photoreceptors?

    <p>Optic disc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Octavia’s ability to act out her dreams suggests she suffers from which disorder?

    <p>REM behavior disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operant conditioning procedure did Octavia's parents use to improve her bed-making skills?

    <p>Shaping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of a conditioned response due to the absence of pairing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus?

    <p>Extinction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term pseudoscience refer to?

    <p>Claims that are presented as science without proper methodology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blaine's fear response to geese represents which psychological phenomenon?

    <p>Spontaneous recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The auditory sensory memory is referred to as echoic memory; what is the visual counterpart called?

    <p>Iconic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation of 0.00 imply about two variables?

    <p>They are completely unrelated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory?

    <p>Encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what occurs after seeing a bear?

    <p>You experience physiological changes and fear simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which Bethany's scale converts physical pressure into an electrical signal?

    <p>Transduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best explains Dan and Joel's attempt to fly after watching Superman?

    <p>Modeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The malleus, incus, and stapes are known collectively as what?

    <p>Auditory ossicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What illustrates the concept of generalization in classical conditioning?

    <p>Ken's mouth watering to a slightly different song. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is involved when Jeannette recalls the 13th Prime Minister of Canada?

    <p>Semantic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the unconditioned stimulus refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>A stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what role does a neutral stimulus play?

    <p>It does not initially elicit a response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing sleep patterns between children and adults, which statement is true?

    <p>Sleepwalking can occur in deep sleep in either children or adults. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by low levels of melatonin in relation to light levels?

    <p>High levels of light correlate with low melatonin levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of error does Mary's assumption about ice cream sales exemplify?

    <p>An illusory correlation error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To determine if classical conditioning was successful, which condition must be true?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does preparedness refer to in classical conditioning?

    <p>The natural tendency to associate certain stimuli with responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological effect is illustrated when children tune out distractions during a game?

    <p>Selective attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to memory recall when a student studies for an exam multiple times?

    <p>Memory recall improves with repetition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes sleepwalking?

    <p>It often occurs during deep sleep stages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of light exposure, how does it affect melatonin levels?

    <p>Low light suppresses melatonin production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When Sertan and Nur study in different environments, what limits their performance?

    <p>Retrieval failure due to conflicting cues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type relies primarily on recognition rather than recall?

    <p>Short-term memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be a beneficial strategy for Professor Golder to minimize pre-existing variables in her study?

    <p>Ensure random assignment to control for variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the initial phase of learning when a response is first established?

    <p>Acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective would most likely explore the role of emotions in memory and social interactions?

    <p>Functionalist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a reinforcement scenario in operant conditioning?

    <p>Receiving tokens for completing tasks successfully (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best identifies the area in the retina with the highest concentration of cones?

    <p>Fovea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to define the capacity to extend research findings to other contexts or populations?

    <p>Generalizability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reinforcement scenario exemplifies negative reinforcement?

    <p>Completing tasks to avoid punishment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobes are primarily responsible for functions such as planning and language production?

    <p>Frontal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Bandura's study of children with the Bobo doll, which outcome was observed in children who saw the model rewarded?

    <p>They exhibited more aggressive behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of neuronal communication, which part is likened to the transmitter in a radio analogy?

    <p>Axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caroline's inquiry about scientific evidence for a health claim exemplifies which element of critical thinking?

    <p>Skepticism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the scenario of Octavia acting out her dreams illustrate?

    <p>REM behaviour disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the gradual fading of Blaine's fear of waterfowl over time?

    <p>Extinction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do Bethany's actions on the scale illustrate when converting physical pressure into an electrical signal?

    <p>Transduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens when experiencing a bear encounter?

    <p>You experience fear and physiological changes simultaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Octavia's parents use to improve her bed-making skills?

    <p>Shaping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ecological validity refer to in research?

    <p>The applicability of laboratory study results in real-world settings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is involved when Sarah holds information while working on her calculus problems?

    <p>Working memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when a stimulus is presented and then fails to elicit a response?

    <p>Extinction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of correlation indicates no relationship between two variables?

    <p>Zero correlation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rehearsal involve in memory processing?

    <p>Repeating information mentally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the absolute threshold refer to?

    <p>The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences?

    <p>Facial feedback hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of encoding involve in memory?

    <p>Transforming sensory input into a storable format (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ossicles in the ear?

    <p>To amplify sound vibrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditioned response in the scenario where children react to firecrackers?

    <p>The children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the sclera?

    <p>White, outer surface of the eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine the success of classical conditioning?

    <p>The conditioned stimulus alone triggers the conditioned response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mary's belief in a significant difference in ice cream cone sales between July and November reflects which type of correlation error?

    <p>Illusory correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do high levels of light have on melatonin production?

    <p>High light; low melatonin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes sleepwalking?

    <p>More prevalent in childhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classical conditioning, what does the term 'neutral stimulus' refer to?

    <p>A stimulus that initially does not elicit a response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The low-voltage brain waves in the relaxed wakefulness stage are referred to as which type of waves?

    <p>Alpha waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains Sertan and Nur's potential underperformance when tested in different environments?

    <p>Encoding specificity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

    <p>Stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clay's ability to tune out distractions during a soccer game illustrates which concept?

    <p>Selective attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pairing is necessary for classical conditioning to occur?

    <p>Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus is considered the most effective conditioned stimulus in fear conditioning according to the concept of preparedness?

    <p>Spider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow, which motive is considered the highest level of evolution?

    <p>Self-actualization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endorphins play a significant role in the brain's response to pain. What is their primary function?

    <p>Reduce pain messages in the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structuralism faced major challenges in its methodology. Which of the following was one of its significant discoveries?

    <p>Imageless thought challenged the limits of introspection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frontal lobes are primarily associated with certain unique mental processes. Which of the following is one of those processes?

    <p>Planning ability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of statistics should the researcher use to generalize findings beyond the initial study group?

    <p>inferential statistics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical procedure do 'Split Brain' patients undergo?

    <p>Severing the corpus callosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for experimental and control groups to be treated identically except for one factor?

    <p>To attribute any behavior differences to the one varied factor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of forming new neural pathways in the brain when learning occurs is known as:

    <p>Plasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes a pseudoscience?

    <p>Theories are never corrected or modified. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Clarice's questionnaire accurately measures only stress and avoids overlap with anxiety or fear, her measure is considered to be:

    <p>Valid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High reliability in a self-esteem scale means that the scores are:

    <p>Consistent over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The research method that involves in-depth study of an individual or group using various observational techniques is known as which method?

    <p>case study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category describes claims that cannot be tested through scientific methods?

    <p>Metaphysics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Wilhelm Wundt pioneer in his psychological laboratory?

    <p>introspection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franz Joseph Gall is known for founding which falsified technique related to the brain?

    <p>phrenology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research exemplifies practical applications of psychological principles, such as changing the color of fire engines?

    <p>applied psychological research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the described scenario of crying frequency and feeding schedules, what is the frequency of crying considered?

    <p>dependent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

    <p>Insulate the neuron for efficient signal transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common misinterpretation regarding the relationship between ice cream sales and crime rates?

    <p>There is a third variable influencing both. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of psychologist would likely work in a criminal justice setting?

    <p>Forensic psychologist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of experiments allows researchers to establish cause-effect relationships?

    <p>Control over variables and random assignment of participants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects would most likely involve informed consent in research ethics?

    <p>Explanation of potential risks and benefits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does naturalistic observation differ from controlled experiments?

    <p>It involves observing behavior in real-world contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of psychological research, what does the term 'reciprocal determinism' refer to?

    <p>The interplay between personal factors, behavior, and environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes a key criticism of evolutionary psychology?

    <p>It often lacks testable predictions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate?

    <p>Medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting signals away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes the phenomenon where an individual's beliefs influence their perception of new information?

    <p>Confirmation bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Receive incoming signals from other neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a method for measuring variables in psychological research?

    <p>Surveys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Multiple-choice vs. short-answer questions

    Multiple-choice questions rely on recognition, while short-answer questions rely on recall.

    Functionalist perspective in psychology

    A psychological approach focused on how mental processes help humans adapt and survive.

    Negative reinforcement

    Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.

    Nervous system divisions

    The nervous system is primarily divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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    Fovea

    The part of the retina with the highest concentration of cones, responsible for sharp central vision.

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    Sensory memory

    A memory system that holds incoming sensory information for a very brief period.

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    Generalizability

    The extent to which findings from a study can be applied to other situations or populations.

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    Random Assignment

    Assigning participants to different groups randomly to minimize pre-existing differences.

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    Unconditioned Response

    An automatic, involuntary reaction to a stimulus that does not require prior learning.

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    Sclera

    The white, outer surface of the eye.

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    Successful Classical Conditioning

    When a conditioned stimulus alone elicits the conditioned response.

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    Illusory Correlation

    A perceived relationship between two things that does not actually exist.

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    Critical Thinking

    Analyzing information objectively, examining assumptions and biases.

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    Melatonin and Light Levels

    Low levels of light lead to high levels of melatonin.

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    Sleepwalking Prevalence

    More common in childhood.

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    Neutral Stimulus in Classical Conditioning

    A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response before learning.

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    Alpha Waves

    Low-voltage brain waves during relaxed wakefulness.

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    Encoding Specificity

    Memory is best retrieved when the context of encoding and retrieval is similar.

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    Classical Conditioning Generalization

    Responding to similar stimuli as the original stimulus.

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    Classical Conditioning Research Samples

    Researchers typically study samples because it is often harder to study whole populations.

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    Blind Spot in Vision

    Area in the eye where no photoreceptors are located.

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    Unconditioned Stimulus

    Stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

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    Semantic Memory

    Memory for facts and general knowledge.

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    Frontal lobes

    The frontal lobes are located at the front of the brain and are responsible for higher cognitive functions like planning, inhibiting impulses, emotion regulation, language production, and voluntary movement.

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    Activation-synthesis hypothesis

    The activation-synthesis hypothesis proposes that dreams arise from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neuronal firing during REM sleep.

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    Observational Learning

    Observational learning, also known as social learning, is the process of learning by observing and imitating the behaviors of others.

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    Axons vs. dendrites

    Axons transmit signals away from the cell body of a neuron, while dendrites receive signals from other neurons.

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    Skepticism in critical thinking

    Skepticism in critical thinking involves questioning claims and seeking evidence before accepting information as true. It encourages a cautious and evidence-based approach to knowledge.

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    Ecological Validity

    The degree to which findings from a study can be generalized to real-world situations.

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    Optic Disc

    A part of the retina with no photoreceptors, creating a blind spot.

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    REM Behavior Disorder

    A sleep disorder where muscle movements aren't inhibited during REM sleep, leading to acting out dreams.

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    Operant Conditioning Shaping

    Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome by rewarding successive approximations.

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    Extinction (Operant Conditioning)

    The weakening or disappearance of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

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    Pseudoscience

    Claims or ideas presented as science but not using scientific methods.

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    Spontaneous Recovery

    The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

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    Echoic Memory

    Sensory memory for auditory information.

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    Iconic Memory

    Sensory memory for visual information.

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    Scientific Theory

    An explanation for a wide range of observations supported by evidence.

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    Correlation of 0.00

    No relationship between two variables.

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    Encoding

    The process of converting information into a usable form for memory.

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    Retrieval

    The process of accessing information from long-term memory.

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    Transduction

    Conversion of one form of energy into another.

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    Absolute Threshold

    The lowest level of stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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    Recognition vs. Recall

    Recognition involves identifying something you've seen before, while recall requires retrieving information from your memory without cues.

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    Functionalist Perspective

    This perspective in psychology focuses on how our mental processes help us adapt and survive in the world.

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    Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

    The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

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    Neutral Stimulus

    A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response before learning.

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    Episodic Memory

    Memory for personal experiences and events.

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    Preparedness

    The idea that certain pairings of stimuli are more likely to lead to classical conditioning than others.

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    Priming

    The exposure to a stimulus that influences our response to a subsequent stimulus, even if we're not consciously aware of it.

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    Retrieval Cues

    Hints or clues that help trigger the recall of specific memories from long-term storage.

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    Relearning

    Learning material that has been previously learned, taking less time and effort than the initial learning.

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    Somnambulism

    Sleepwalking, a sleep disorder involving walking or performing other activities while asleep.

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    Acquisition

    The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established.

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    Shaping

    Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome by rewarding successive approximations.

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    Endorphins

    Chemicals produced by the brain that reduce pain messages and promote feelings of well-being.

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    Imageless thought

    The controversial idea that some thoughts occur without a mental image.

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    Corpus callosum

    The thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

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    Brain plasticity

    The brain's ability to change and reorganize itself in response to experience.

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    Reliability in measurement

    The consistency of a measure. A reliable test gives similar results each time it is given.

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    Validity in measurement

    The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

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    Naturalistic observation

    A research method where researchers observe behavior in its natural setting without interfering.

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    Inferential Statistics

    Statistical methods used to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample of data. It allows researchers to generalize findings to a larger group.

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    Control Group

    A group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment. It serves as a baseline for comparison.

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    Case Study

    An in-depth study of a single individual, group, or event. It provides detailed information but may not be generalizable to others.

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    Introspection

    A technique used by early psychologists where trained observers described their own thoughts and feelings.

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    Phrenology

    A now-discredited theory that claimed personality traits and abilities could be determined by the shape of the skull.

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    Applied Psychological Research

    Research aimed at solving practical problems in real-world settings. It uses psychological knowledge to improve people's lives.

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    Dependent Variable

    The variable that is measured in an experiment. It is expected to be influenced by the independent variable.

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    First Psychology Lab

    Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to studying psychology in a scientific manner.

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    Peer Review

    A process where experts evaluate research before publication to identify flaws in methods, findings, and conclusions.

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    Experimenter Bias

    A researcher's expectations or beliefs unintentionally influencing the outcome of a study.

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    Forensic Psychologist

    A psychologist who works in legal settings, assessing inmates, assisting in rehabilitation, and providing expert testimony.

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    Strength of Experiments

    Experiments allow researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating one variable and observing its effect on another.

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    Myelin Sheath Function

    The myelin sheath is a fatty covering that insulates neurons, allowing them to transmit nerve impulses more efficiently.

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    Evolutionary Psychology Criticism

    One criticism of evolutionary psychology is that its predictions are often difficult to test and falsify due to the complex and historical nature of human evolution.

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    Overreliance on Anecdotes

    A hallmark of pseudoscience where personal experiences or stories are used as evidence instead of rigorous scientific methods.

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    Theory vs. Hypothesis

    A theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction.

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    Multiple Sclerosis and Myelin

    In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath around nerve fibers is damaged, disrupting neural signals and causing various physical and emotional symptoms.

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    Neural Impulse Transmission

    The neural impulse travels down the axon as an electrical signal, and crosses the synapse as a chemical message.

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    Neuron Components

    The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrite (receives signals), cell body (processes information), and axon (transmits signals).

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    Importance of Neuron Cell Body

    Serious damage to the cell body of a neuron is fatal because this is the central processing unit of the neuron.

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    Informed Consent in Research

    A key ethical principle in research requiring participants to understand the study's risks and benefits before agreeing to participate.

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    Study Notes

    Multiple Choice Questions on Psychology

    • Question 1: Typical multiple-choice questions rely on recognition, while short-answer questions rely on recall. (a)
    • Question 2: A mentor interested in "why forgetting is helpful" and "emotions in social situations" is most consistent with the functionalist perspective. (a)
    • Question 3: Negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to increase a behavior. Exempting a student from a quiz for good homework exemplifies negative reinforcement. (c)
    • Question 4: The two main divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. (a)
    • Question 5: The fovea is the portion of the retina with the highest concentration of cones. (c)
    • Question 6: Sensory memory holds information about the surrounding stimuli present at a given moment. (c)
    • Question 7: Generalizability refers to the degree to which results can be applied to other situations. (a)
    • Question 8: To minimize pre-existing variables in a study on hyperactivity, use random assignment to form groups. (d)
    • Question 9: Acquisition is the initial phase of learning where a response is first established. (d)
    • Question 10: The unconditioned response is the automatic response (putting hands over ears) to the unconditioned stimulus (the loud bang of the firecracker). The children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode. (b)
    • Question 11: The sclera is the white outer surface of the eye. (c)
    • Question 12: Successful classical conditioning is demonstrated when presenting only the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response. (c)
    • Question 13: An illusory correlation is when a perceived relationship between two variables exists but is not actual. (c)
    • Question 14: Critical thinking involves examining assumptions and biases, but does not guarantee the same conclusion for everyone. (a)
    • Question 15: Low levels of light lead to high levels of melatonin. (d)
    • Question 16: Sleepwalking is more prevalent in childhood. (c)
    • Question 17: In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus does not initially elicit a response. (b)
    • Question 18: Alpha waves are low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness. (c)
    • Question 19: Encoding specificity plays a role in situations with different environments; the environment during learning matters for remembering. (a)

    Continued...

    • Question 20: Generalization, in the context of classical conditioning, occurs if a similar stimulus elicits the same response. Ken's mouth watering to a different, but similar, song shows generalization. (c)
    • Question 21: Researchers typically study samples because studying whole populations is often impractical. (d)
    • Question 22: The blind spot occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no photoreceptors there. (d)
    • Question 23: The unconditioned stimulus triggers a response without prior learning. (a)
    • Question 24: Clay and Bruce are exhibiting different levels of selective attention. (b)
    • Question 25: In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (c)
    • Question 26: A spider would make the most effective conditioned stimulus (CS) for a fear response, as it's a stimulus that is frequently associated with fear. (a)
    • Question 27: Self-actualization is the highest-level motive for Maslow. (b)
    • Question 28: Semantic memory stores factual knowledge, like the 13th Prime Minister of Canada. (a)
    • Question 29: Episodic memory is used when thinking about past events like the first day of university. (d)
    • Question 30: Relearning demonstrates the speed at which you recall something when you have learned it earlier; this speed is often faster. (d)
    • Question 31: Ecological validity means if laboratory results can be applied to the real world.(c)
    • Question 32: The optic disc is an area of the retina with no photoreceptors. (c)
    • Question 33: REM behavior disorder is when muscle movements are uninhibited during sleep. (d)
    • Question 34: Shaping is used when gradually reinforcing increasingly complex behaviors (making the bed). (b)
    • Question 35: Extinction is the reduction or elimination of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. (b)
    • Question 36: Pseudoscience is presented as science but does not use the scientific method to support claims. (c)
    • Question 37: Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response. Blaine's lingering fear after seeing geese suggests spontaneous recovery. (c)
    • Question 38: Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory, and iconic memory is visual. (a)
    • Question 39: A scientific theory explains observations and makes predictions. (d)
    • Question 40: A correlation of 0.00 indicates no relationship between two variables. (d)
    • Question 41: Encoding moves information from short-term to long-term memory, whereas retrieval moves information from long-term to short-term memory. (c)
    • Question 42: Cannon-Bard theory suggests the feeling of fear occurs simultaneously with the physiological changes. (b)
    • Question 43: Transduction converts physical energy into neural impulses. (b)
    • Question 44: Observational learning is demonstrated by imitating behaviors seen on television. (c)
    • Question 45: The malleus, incus, and stapes are the ossicles (small bones) of the middle ear. (c)
    • Question 46: A correlation shows the relationship between variables, not cause-and-effect. (d)
    • Question 47: The absolute threshold is the lowest stimulus intensity detectable 50% of the time. (c)
    • Question 48: The facial feedback hypothesis says smiling makes one feel positive; making yourself smile, then finding more positive mood is consistent. (a)
    • Question 49: Rehearsal is repeating information to retain it in short-term memory. (c)
    • Question 50: A circadian rhythm is a biological cycle that follows a 24-hour (daily) cycle. (c)
    • Question 51: Working memory is used to hold and manipulate information while solving a problem. (d)
    • Question 52: Extinction in operant conditioning involves withholding reinforcement. (b)
    • Question 53: The frontal lobes are associated with planning, inhibition, emotion, language, and movement. (d)
    • Question 54: The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests brain activity tries to make sense of random neuronal firing. (c)
    • Question 55: Children who see a model rewarded are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors. (c)
    • Question 56: Axon terminals transmit signals, and dendrites receive them. (b)
    • Question 57: Skepticism is questioning claims and looking for evidence to support them. (a)

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    Test your knowledge with this multiple-choice quiz on key psychology concepts. Covering topics like memory, perception, and the nervous system, this quiz is designed for students to assess their understanding and recall of essential psychological principles.

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