117 Questions
Where are endorphins stored in the body?
Pituitary gland
What is the primary function of endorphins in the body?
To reduce pain
What is the difference between endorphins and manufactured opiates?
Manufactured opiates have multiple binding sites, while endorphins only bind on the outside of the golgi complex
What is the role of dopamine in the reward system?
It is a training chemical
What is the relationship between endorphins and receptors for exogenous opiates?
The body naturally has receptors for exogenous opiates due to the presence of endorphins
What is the concept related to the magnitude of dopamine spikes?
Prediction error
What is dopamine thought to be related to?
The desire for a reward
What happens to dopamine spikes before vs after learning has occurred?
They increase after learning
What occurs when the prediction spike and reward-related spike are the same?
No prediction error
What is the effect of endorphins on pain signals in the brain?
They inhibit pain signals
What is a positive prediction error equivalent to?
A pleasant surprise
What happens when a prediction spike is much larger than a reward-related spike?
A dip in the baseline firing rate
What is the result of repeated negative prediction errors?
Increased desire and less liking
What is the role of the magnitude of spikes in dopamine release?
It creates the discrepancy between prediction and reward
What is the difference between a prediction spike and a reward-related spike?
The prediction spike is related to desire, while the reward-related spike is related to liking
What happens to the prediction error over time if the expectation is lowered?
The prediction error increases
What is the primary difference between external and intrinsic motivation?
External motivation is driven by external rewards, while intrinsic motivation is driven by internal desires.
Why should parents avoid paying their children for doing chores?
Because it can undermine intrinsic motivation and lead to a reliance on external rewards.
What are the three cross-cultural intrinsic needs that, when satisfied, lead to increased satisfaction and productivity?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
What happens when resources to meet intrinsic needs are not available?
People turn to compensatory behaviors that may be maladaptive.
What does the steam whistle hypothesis demonstrate?
That behavior is driven by conscious thoughts and unconscious motives.
What is the relationship between conscious thought, unconscious motives, and behavior?
Conscious thought and unconscious motives interact to drive behavior.
What happens when people focus on external rewards?
They infer they must not like what they are doing.
What is the outcome of having intrinsic needs satisfied?
People become more satisfied, happy, and productive.
Which type of conditioning is responsible for the development of a fear response to a specific stimulus?
Classical conditioning
What is the primary goal of anticipated regret in decision-making?
To promote information gathering and risk avoidance
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Sensory preconditioning
What is the purpose of implementation intentions in self-regulation?
To create contingency plans for different scenarios
Which type of learning is responsible for the development of prejudice through observing others' behaviors?
Observational learning
What is the term for the process of extending a conditioned response to similar stimuli?
Stimulus generalization
What is the primary goal of mental practice or simulation in self-regulation?
To enhance performance by rehearsing a task mentally
What is the term for the process of associating a conditioned stimulus with a new stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?
Higher-order conditioning
What can lead to very risky decision making due to small probabilities?
Overlooking low-probability events
Why may someone living in the nicest house on the block still be unhappy?
Because their house is the least nice on the block
What is the focus of the article by Thompson and O'Sullivan, 2017?
Understanding variations in judgments of infidelity
What is the actor-observer discrepancy largest for?
Both emotional and technology related behaviors
What is the relationship between attributions and forgiveness in the context of infidelity?
Attributions are directly related to forgiveness
What is Weiner's domains used for in the context of infidelity?
To describe the attributions made by the person who was cheated on
What is the difference between judgments of one's own behavior and judgments of a partner's real-life behavior?
Judgments of a partner's behavior are harsher
What is the concept of attributions related to in the context of infidelity?
Forgiveness
What is the concept of latent inhibition in the context of decreasing prejudice?
Pre-exposure to positive associations before negative learning can occur
What is the primary goal of appetitive pairings in decreasing prejudice?
To associate different people with positive experiences
What is the concept of ego depletion in self-regulation?
The depletion of self-control resources due to repeated use
What is the conservation hypothesis in the context of self-regulation?
The idea that self-control resources are limited and need to be conserved
What is the purpose of self-regulation in the context of self-determination theory?
To regulate emotions and behaviors effectively
What is the primary goal of self-determination theory in the context of motivation?
To satisfy intrinsic needs and increase satisfaction
What is the role of extinction in decreasing prejudice?
To pair conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to break the association
What is the main focus of attribution theory?
Why people make the decisions they do
What type of attribution is related to success leading to more success and failure leading to more failure?
Internal/personal attribution
What is the concept related to the idea that a win should follow a loss?
Gambler's fallacy
What is the focus of Weiner's attribution theory?
Judgments made around locus, stability, and controllability
What is the impact of attributing intelligence to innate qualities on performance when faced with obstacles?
People will not try harder when faced with obstacles
What is the concept of Carol Dweck's 'self-theories' related to?
Motivation and intelligence
What is the difference between internal and external attributions?
Internal attributions are related to personal control, while external attributions are related to chance
What is the Affect Heuristic?
The idea that our moods inform our decisions
What is the result of clinicians having a more negative reaction to clients?
They tend to see those clients as impaired and give them a more severe diagnosis
What is Hindsight Bias?
The tendency to perceive an outcome as more predictable after it occurs
What happens when people have a tendency to make the past consistent with their present moment?
They experience Hindsight Bias
What is Regression Fallacy?
The idea that people regress toward the mean
Why do clinicians tend to treat BPD patients with less empathy and care?
Because they elicit more negative reactions from providers
What is the relationship between clinicians' reactions and patient diagnoses?
Clinicians with a more negative reaction tend to see patients as impaired and give them a more severe diagnosis
What is dopamine thought to be related to?
Desire for a reward
What is the outcome of repeated negative prediction errors?
Addiction
What is the role of the magnitude of spikes in dopamine release?
Determines the level of desire and liking
What happens to dopamine spikes before and after learning has occurred?
There is no prediction spike before learning, and a predictive spike after learning
What is the result of a large prediction spike and a small reward-related spike?
Increased desire and less liking
What is the relationship between dopamine and reward?
Dopamine is related to both desire and reward
What is the primary motivation behind the preference for certainty when it comes to potential gains?
A desire to avoid uncertainty and sacrifice income for certainty
How do people tend to weigh gains and losses in decision making?
They give more weight to losses and less weight to gains
What is the primary focus of people when considering gains and losses in relation to others?
Their relative position to others
Why might someone prefer a certain gain of $1000 over an 80% chance of winning $1500?
Because they prefer certainty over uncertainty
What is the result of focusing on losses more than gains in decision making?
A decreased sense of satisfaction with the outcome
Why do people tend to make decisions based on relative positioning?
Because they are influenced by social comparisons
What is the outcome of giving more weight to losses than gains in decision making?
A decreased willingness to take risks
What is the primary driver of decision making in the context of gains and losses?
A tendency to focus on relative gains and losses
Why do people tend to prefer certain gains over uncertain gains?
Because they are risk-averse
What is the result of focusing on relative positioning in decision making?
A increased focus on social comparisons
What is the underlying reason why people tend to attribute their work to internal motivation when there are no external rewards?
Because they think they must not like what they are doing if they are only doing it for external rewards
What are the three cross-cultural intrinsic needs that, when satisfied, lead to increased satisfaction and productivity?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
What happens when people have their intrinsic needs satisfied?
They become more satisfied, happy, and productive
What does the steam whistle hypothesis demonstrate?
That behavior is initially non-conscious motivated
What happens when resources to meet intrinsic needs are not available?
People turn to compensatory behaviors
What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is based on personal enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation is based on external rewards
What is an example of how external motivation can work in the short term?
Giving children money for doing chores
What is the primary goal of implementation intentions in self-regulation?
To prepare for different outcomes and make contingency plans
Why should parents avoid giving their children money for doing chores?
Because it will make them attribute their work to external rewards
What is the outcome of anticipated regret in decision-making?
Promoting risk avoidance and loss avoidance
What is the primary goal of mental practice or simulation in self-regulation?
To prepare for an event by running through it in one's head
What is the result of stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
The conditioned response is extended to similar stimuli
What is the primary goal of operant conditioning in reducing prejudice?
To change behavior through consequences
How does observational learning contribute to the development of prejudice?
Through vicarious conditioning
What is the role of transparency and accountability in self-regulation?
To monitor and evaluate one's own behavior
What is the outcome of satisfied intrinsic needs in self-determination theory?
Increased satisfaction and productivity
What is base rate neglect?
Judging someone based on traits presented, rather than on available statistics
What is the actor/observer effect?
The tendency to blame a situation or circumstances when something negative happens to oneself
What is the recognition heuristic?
People's preference for name recognition over logic
What is an example of base rate neglect in clinical settings?
Clinicians tend to diagnose schizophrenia when presented with bizarre symptoms despite schizophrenia being present in under 1% of the population
What is related to representativeness and base rate neglect in clinical settings?
Prototypes
What is the fundamental attribution error related to?
The tendency to find internal rather than external attributions for other individuals' behaviors
What is the difference between the actor/observer effect and the fundamental attribution error?
The actor/observer effect is related to external attributions, while the fundamental attribution error is related to internal attributions
Why do clinicians tend to diagnose schizophrenia when presented with bizarre symptoms?
Because clinicians tend to base their diagnoses on prototypes rather than statistics
What is the Affect Heuristic?
The idea that our moods inform our decisions
Why do clinicians tend to treat BPD patients with less empathy and care?
Because they elicit more negative reactions from providers
What is Hindsight Bias?
The tendency to perceive an outcome as more predictable after it occurs than before
What is Regression Fallacy?
The idea that people regress toward the mean
What happens when people have a tendency to make the past consistent with their present moment?
Memory distortion
Why do organizations like the Myers Briggs?
No clear reason is given in the text
What is the result of clinicians having a more negative reaction to clients?
They are more likely to see those clients as impaired and give them a more severe diagnosis
What is the relationship between clinicians' reactions and diagnosis?
Clinicians with a more negative reaction tend to give a more severe diagnosis
What is the outcome of making decisions based on relative positioning?
Dissatisfaction despite having the best
What is the tendency to overlook low-probability events related to?
Small probabilities
According to Weiner's domains, what attribution would make a person least likely to forgive and move beyond infidelity?
Internal attribution with intentionality
What is the focus of the article by Thompson and O'Sullivan, 2017?
Understanding variations in judgements of infidelity
What is the actor-observer discrepancy largest for?
Technology/online behaviors
What is the outcome of making decisions based on low-probability events?
Increased risk taking
What is the relationship between attributions and forgiveness in the context of infidelity?
Attributions influence forgiveness, but the direction depends on the context
What is the outcome of focusing on relative positioning in couple's therapy?
Decreased satisfaction
Learn about endorphins, their effects on the brain, and how they differ from opiates. Understand their role in reducing pain and producing feelings of euphoria. Test your knowledge of the reward systems in this module 6 summary.
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