Psychology Midterm Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

The proportion of the variability in psychological symptoms or traits that can be attributed to genetic variability refers to:

  • Nature
  • Heritability (correct)
  • Nurture
  • Relatedness

This refers to ways of talking about suffering that are not associated with a core set of syndromes or causes

  • Cultural Identity
  • Cultural explanation
  • Cultural syndromes
  • Cultural idioms of distress (correct)

Which conception of psychology involves creation of a taxonomy?

  • Dyscontrol or dysregulation
  • Social deviance
  • DSM/ICD (correct)
  • Harmful dysfunction
  • Statistical deviance

Which is true about misdiagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?

<p>A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is more likely to occur for males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intergenerational transmissions can be either protective or harmful

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about misdiagnosis of schizophrenia?

<p>Black and Hispanic patients were more likely than White patients to be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia when symptoms suggest psychotic affective disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With development, children's behavior becomes more flexible with increased organization and differentiation refers to:

<p>Differentiation of modes and goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comorbidity refers to:

<p>The co-existence of two or more disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reliability refers to:

<p>Consistency of measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder of phenomenon involves trembling, attacks of crying, screaming uncontrollably, and verbal or physical aggression?

<p>Ataques de nervios (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Earlier, more undifferentiated forms of behavior become hierarchically integrated into later forms of behavior refers to:

<p>Mobility of behavioral function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moderate or high correlations with other tests that measure the same attribute or diagnosis refers to:

<p>Convergent validity (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain

<p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is involved in the “flight” or “fight” response.

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the DSM and ICD?

<p>The ICD has a research and a clinician version, while the DSM has only one version (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is especially involved in reward and reinforcement, motor function, and cognition and attention.

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men are more likely to _____ , while women are more likely to _____.

<p>Delay seeking treatment, seek treatment in general (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is associated with behavioral and emotional regulation

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept of psychopathology involves in a way based upon evolution?

<p>Harmful dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dynamic transactions that occur among developing systems cuts across developmental systems and affects the course of development refers to:

<p>Developmental Cascade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This refers to a cluster of group of co-occurring symptoms that represents a cultural pattern of distress.

<p>Cultural syndromes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conception of psychopathology involves determining psychopathology only by involuntary behavior?

<p>Dyscontrol or dysregulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder of phenomenon involves criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement?

<p>Expressed emotion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low correlations with tests that measure other attributes refers to:

<p>Discriminant validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multifinality refers to:

<p>Individuals may begin at a common starting point but the resultant pathways from that origin may diverge to other outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Validity refers to:

<p>The degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When test scores are used to forecast future outcomes describes:

<p>Predictive validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging approach involves radioactively labeled substances being introduced into the bloodstream, where they are taken up into the brain?

<p>Positive emission tomography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is involved in attention and memory.

<p>Acetylcholine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This involves an explanatory model of distress focused on specific casual factors rather than on a core symptoms or experiences

<p>Cultural explanation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT one of the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Survey?

<p>Adult psychiatric morbidity study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interrater reliability refers to:

<p>When independent ratings tend to agree (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This occurs when masculine or feminine persons are more likely to endorse an item.

<p>Gender bias in measurement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is when a test item has different measurement properties for different groups

<p>Differential item functioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test-retest reliability refers to:

<p>When clients obtain similar scores on separate administrations of the test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When scores are correlated with indices or events measured at approximately the same time describes:

<p>Concurrent validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is FALSE about developmental psychopathology?

<p>Developmental psychopathology is the single theory that can best explain the diverse nature of psychopathology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal consistency refers to:

<p>When test items are positively intercorrelated (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The notion that development consists of a set of interrelated domains that exert transactional efforts refers to:

<p>Holism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is important in emotion processing?

<p>Right hemisphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging approach involves measuring changes in magnetic field properties due to oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood?

<p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This refers to when men or women are more likely to endorse an item.

<p>Gender bias in measurement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The notion that children are active shapers of their environment and not passive recipients of experience refers to:

<p>Directedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"ACEs" stands for:

<p>Adverse Childhood experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adverse Childhood experiences are:

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evidence based on test content refers to:

<p>Content validity (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference between social deviance vs. statistical abnormality conceptualizations of psychopathology?

<p>Social deviance uses cultural rules while statistical abnormality uses tests and measures to determine psychopathology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generally speaking, when are clinicians more accurate in making a diagnosis?

<p>When the gender and race of the race of the case are the same as those of the clinician (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal/abnormal refers to _____, while adaptive/maladaptive refers to _____

<p>statistical deviance = effectiveness psychopathology = functioning effectiveness = Statistical deviance functioning = psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heritability

Proportion of variability in traits due to genetic factors.

Cultural Idioms of Distress

Ways of expressing suffering not tied to specific syndromes.

DSM/ICD Conception

A classification system for psychological disorders.

Misdiagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder

More likely in males than females.

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Intergenerational Transmission

Can be positive or negative across generations.

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Misdiagnosis of Schizophrenia

More common for Black and Hispanic patients when symptoms suggest psychotic affective disorders.

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Differentiation of Modes and Goals

Behavior becomes more adaptable and organized.

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Comorbidity

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders

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Reliability

Consistency of measurement.

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Ataques de Nervios

Trembling, crying, and aggression.

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Mobility of Behavioral Function

Earlier behaviors integrated into later ones.

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Convergent Validity

Correlates with tests measuring the same thing.

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Glutamate

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter.

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Epinephrine

Fight or flight response.

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DSM vs. ICD

ICD has research/clinical versions; DSM only one.

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Dopamine

Reward, motor function, attention.

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Gender Differences in Treatment Seeking

Men delay seeking treatment, women seek treatment more readily.

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Serotonin

Behavioral and emotional regulation.

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Harmful Dysfunction

Psychopathology based on evolutionary perspectives.

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Developmental Cascade

Dynamic transactions across developing systems.

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Cultural Syndromes

Co-occurring symptoms forming a cultural pattern.

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Dyscontrol or Dysregulation

Psychopathology defined only by involuntary behavior.

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Expressed Emotion

Criticism, hostility, emotional over-involvement.

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Discriminant Validity

Low correlations with tests measuring different attributes.

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Multifinality

Starting point leads to divergent outcomes.

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Validity

Degree to which evidence supports test score interpretations.

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Predictive Validity

Forecasting future outcomes.

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Positive Emission Tomography (PET)

Radioactive substances track brain activity.

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Acetylcholine

Attention and memory.

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Cultural Explanation

Explanatory model focused on causal factors, not core symptoms.

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ICD vs. DSM Versions

The ICD has separate versions for research and clinical use, unlike the DSM.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Adverse experiences in childhood that increase the risk of health and social problems.

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Interrater Reliability

Consistency of measurement across different raters.

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Differential Item Functioning (DIF)

When a test item functions differently for different groups.

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Test-Retest Reliability

Consistency of measurement across separate administrations of a test.

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Concurrent Validity

Scores correlated with other measures taken at the same time.

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Multilevel Analysis

Psychological functioning is understood by considering multiple levels of analysis.

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Internal Consistency

Test items are positively correlated with each other.

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Holism in Development

Development consists of interrelated domains exerting effects.

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Emotion Processing Brain Region

Right hemisphere

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Measures magnetic field changes due to oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood.

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Equifinality

Multiple pathways can lead to the same outcome.

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Sex Bias in Measurement

Men or women are more likely to endorse an item.

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Directedness

Children actively shape their environments.

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Adverse childhood experiences

Common

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Content Validity

Evidence based on the content of the test.

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Social deviance

Psychopathology determined by cultural rules.

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Accurate diagnosis

Clinicians make more correct diagnosis

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Normal/ abnormal

Statistical deviance

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Development behavior

Mobility of behavioral function

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Cultural disorder

Koro

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BIASED

Test show biased data

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Children Active Shapers

Directedness

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PET

Positive Emission Tomography

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abnormal

Statistical deviance

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interrelated domains

holism

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neuroimaging

PET measures radioactivity

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Functionality

Differential item functioning

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same time

concurrent validity

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Study Notes

Heritability

  • The proportion of variability in psychological symptoms/traits attributable to genetic variability.

Cultural Idioms of Distress

  • Ways of talking about suffering not linked to core syndromes/causes

DSM/ICD

  • This approach to psychology creates a taxonomy.

Antisocial Personality Disorder Misdiagnosis

  • This diagnosis is more likely in males.

Intergenerational Transmissions

  • These can be protective or harmful

Schizophrenia Misdiagnosis

  • Black and Hispanic patients are more likely to be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia when symptoms suggest psychotic affective disorders compared to White patients.

Development and Behavior

  • Development increases children's behavioral flexibility through increased organization and differentiation.

Comorbidity

  • The co-existence of two or more disorders.

Reliability

  • Consistency of measurement is key.

Ataques de Nervios

  • This involves trembling, attacks of crying, screaming uncontrollably, and verbal or physical aggression.

Hierarchical Integration of Behavior

  • Earlier, undifferentiated behaviors become hierarchically integrated into later forms of behavior.

Convergent Validity

  • Moderate or high correlations with other tests measuring the same attribute/diagnosis.

Glutamate

  • The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain.

Epinephrine

  • This neurotransmitter is involved in the "fight" or "flight" response.

DSM vs ICD

  • The ICD has research and clinician versions; the DSM has only one version.

Dopamine

  • This neurotransmitter is involved in reward/reinforcement, motor function, cognition, and attention.

Gender Differences in Seeking Treatment

  • Men delay seeking treatment, while women seek treatment in general.

Serotonin

  • This neurotransmitter is associated with behavioral and emotional regulation.

Harmful Dysfunction

  • This concept of psychopathology is rooted in evolution.

Developmental Cascade

  • Dynamic transactions among developing systems affect development course.

Cultural Syndromes

  • Clusters of co-occurring symptoms representing cultural distress patterns.

Dyscontrol or Dysregulation

  • Determining psychopathology relies on involuntary behavior.

Expressed Emotion

  • Involves criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement.

Discriminant Validity

  • Low correlations with tests measuring other attributes.

Multifinality

  • Individuals may start at a common point, but outcomes diverge.

Validity

  • The degree to which evidence and theory support test score interpretations.

Predictive validity

  • Test scores forecast future outcomes

Positive Emission Tomography

  • This neuroimaging approach uses radioactively labeled substances in the bloodstream.

Acetylcholine

  • This neurotransmitter is involved in attention and memory.

Cultural Explanation

  • Explanatory model of distress focused on specific causal factors, not core symptoms/experiences.

Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study

  • Was not one of the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys

Interrater Reliability

  • When independent ratings tend to agree is the measure

Gender Bias in Measurement

  • Occurs when masculine or feminine persons are more likely to endorse an item.

Differential Item Functioning

  • Test item has different measurement properties for different groups of people

Test-Retest Reliability

  • Consistency of Measurement

Concurrent Validity

  • Scores correlate with indices or events measured at roughly the same time.

Developmental Psychopathology

  • It isn't the single theory that can best explain the diverse nature of psychopathology.

Internal Consistency

  • When test times are positively interrelated

Holism

  • The notion that development consists of a set of interrelated domains that exert transactional efforts.

Right Hemisphere

  • The part of the brain important in emotion processing

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • This neuroimaging approach measures changes in magnetic field properties due to oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood?

Equifinality

  • This says that there are multiple pathways to a single outcome

Sex Bias

  • When men or women more likely to endorse an item.

Directedness

  • The notion that children are active shapers of the environment and not passive recipients of experience

ACEs

  • Stands for Adverse Childhood Experiences

Adverse Childhood Experiences

  • They are common, interrelated, cumulative, accounting for much health and societal problems.

Content Validity

  • Evidence is based the test content

Social deviance vs. Statistical Abnormality

  • Social deviance uses cultural rules, while statistical abnormality uses tests and measures to determine psychopathology

Clinician Accuracy

  • Clinicians are generally more accurate when the gender and race of the case aligns with their own.

Normal/Abnormal refers to...

  • In terms of statistical deviance, while adaptive/maladaptive refers to effectiveness.

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Description

These are study notes related to questions from a psychology midterm. The notes cover topics such as heritability, cultural idioms of distress, DSM/ICD, antisocial personality disorder misdiagnosis, and intergenerational transmissions. Additionally, it includes schizophrenia misdiagnosis, development and behavior, comorbidity, reliability, and ataques de nervios.

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