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What does the spacing effect in memory refer to?
According to the threshold hypothesis regarding intelligence and success, what is suggested about the correlation?
What is the key difference between recognition and recall in the context of studying?
How does the spacing effect enhance memory retention?
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Which of the following claims supports the idea that intelligence is not the only predictor of success?
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In the context of studying strategies, which method is commonly seen as more effective according to research?
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What impact does the plateau effect of IQ have on success in professions?
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What example illustrates the spacing effect in study habits?
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How do a child's genetics influence language development?
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What aspect of human development is primarily influenced by genetics?
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What does the concept of Nativism suggest?
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What is the main principle of Empiricism regarding knowledge acquisition?
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How do nurture factors influence intelligence development?
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What is meant by the term Interactionism in the context of development?
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What unique trait differentiates humans from most animals?
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During which stage of development are most neurons in the human brain made?
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What factor can lead to significant differences in traits between identical twins raised apart?
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Which of the following is an example of nurture affecting human development?
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What role does environmental exposure play in a child's language development?
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Which statement aligns with the view of modern psychology regarding language development?
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What role does cultural learning play in human development compared to animals?
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Which of the following best describes the critical dependency of language development in children?
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What combines to highlight developmental abilities in humans?
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Which of the following milestones is suggested to have a biological basis across cultures?
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Which statement best encapsulates the interaction of nature and nurture in development?
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What aspect of human communication is primarily shaped by nurture?
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What does theory of mind allow individuals to do?
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What is a typical response from a three-year-old in the Sally-Anne experiment?
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At what age do most children typically develop a stronger theory of mind according to the content?
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Why do three-year-olds struggle with the concept of theory of mind?
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In the context of the Sally-Anne experiment, what does the pencil represent?
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What is one of the implications of developing a theory of mind?
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What typical misconception does the three-year-old child demonstrate in the experiment?
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Which ability is closely linked to theory of mind development?
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What is a potential benefit of engaging in mentally stimulating activities for older adults?
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Why might older adults prioritize current emotional satisfaction over future planning?
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Research findings suggest that which of the following contributes to peak happiness in older adults?
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What does linguistic relativism propose about the relationship between language and thought?
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According to Whorf's strong version of linguistic relativism, what is claimed about language?
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What is a definition of morphemes?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of phonemes?
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How does the weaker version of linguistic relativism differ from the strong version proposed by Whorf?
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Study Notes
Spacing Effect
- Distributing study sessions over time significantly improves memory consolidation.
- Spacing allows for better long-term retention by minimizing cognitive load.
- Example: Studying vocabulary for 20 minutes each day is more effective than cramming two hours before a test.
Threshold Hypothesis
- A hypothesis that states there is a positive correlation between IQ and success until a certain threshold.
- Beyond the threshold, additional IQ points contribute minimally to success.
- Example: Individuals with high intelligence may not always be the most successful in real-world situations. Resilience and motivation might play a more significant role.
Recognition vs. Recall
- Recognition: Identifying previously encountered information when it's presented again.
- Recall: Retrieving information from memory without any external cues.
- The Karpicke & Roediger experiment suggests that recall-based learning is more effective for long-term retention than recognition-based learning.
Nature vs. Nurture
- Both genetics and environment play crucial roles in shaping an individual's traits and characteristics.
- Nature: Inherited traits and biological predispositions.
- Nurture: Environmental factors like upbringing, education, and culture.
- Example: Identical twins raised apart share similar genetic predispositions but can exhibit significant differences due to their unique environments.
Theory of Mind
- The ability to comprehend that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions different from one's own.
- Essential for understanding and predicting the behavior of others.
- Example: The Sally-Anne test demonstrates that children develop this ability around age five. Younger children struggle to understand that others may have different perspectives.
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
- Preconventional Level: Focus on self-interest and avoiding punishment.
- Conventional Level: Conforming to societal rules and expectations.
- Postconventional Level: Based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning.
Cognitive Changes in Older Age
- Older adults may experience slower processing speed and decreased memory recall.
- Crystallized intelligence (knowledge and experience) generally remains stable or improves with age.
- Engaging in mentally stimulating activities can help preserve cognitive function.
Present-Focus in Older Adults
- Older people tend to prioritize present-day experiences and emotional satisfaction due to a heightened awareness of time limitations.
Happiness and Aging
- Research by Mather et al. and Notthoff & Carstensen indicates that older adults often report higher levels of happiness.
- This trend might be associated with improved emotional regulation, a focus on positive experiences, and reduced stress about material achievements.
Linguistic Relativism
- Language influences how we think and perceive the world.
- Strong Version (Whorf): Language entirely determines thought, limiting cognitive abilities to linguistic constructs.
- Weaker Version: Language shapes thought patterns but doesn't restrict all cognitive possibilities.
Language Components
- Morphemes: The smallest units of meaning in a language.
- Phonemes: The smallest sound units that differentiate words.
- Syntax: The rules that govern the arrangement of words in a sentence.
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Description
Explore key concepts in memory psychology, including the spacing effect, threshold hypothesis, and the differences between recognition and recall. This quiz will test your understanding of how these theories impact learning and memory retention. Perfect for students studying psychology or anyone interested in cognitive science.