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Questions and Answers
What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory according to George Miller?
What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory according to George Miller?
The capacity of Long-Term Memory is limited.
The capacity of Long-Term Memory is limited.
False
What process involves transforming sensory input into a format that can be stored in memory?
What process involves transforming sensory input into a format that can be stored in memory?
Encoding
Information from the environment is registered briefly in __________ memory.
Information from the environment is registered briefly in __________ memory.
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Match the types of memory retrieval with their definitions:
Match the types of memory retrieval with their definitions:
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How long does iconic memory last?
How long does iconic memory last?
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What is the primary function of the brain stem?
What is the primary function of the brain stem?
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When information in STM is not rehearsed, it is transferred to Long-Term Memory.
When information in STM is not rehearsed, it is transferred to Long-Term Memory.
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Damage to the hippocampus can lead to retrograde amnesia.
Damage to the hippocampus can lead to retrograde amnesia.
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What is one way to improve retention when studying for a test?
What is one way to improve retention when studying for a test?
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What role does the amygdala play in memory?
What role does the amygdala play in memory?
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If no selective attention is paid, information in Sensory Memory will be __________.
If no selective attention is paid, information in Sensory Memory will be __________.
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The __________ is involved in storing and retrieving long-term memories.
The __________ is involved in storing and retrieving long-term memories.
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Which type of memory retrieval requires generating information without cues?
Which type of memory retrieval requires generating information without cues?
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Match the brain areas with their primary functions:
Match the brain areas with their primary functions:
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Which factor does NOT influence individual differences in thought and behavior?
Which factor does NOT influence individual differences in thought and behavior?
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Cultural influences only affect thoughts and not emotions.
Cultural influences only affect thoughts and not emotions.
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What type of amnesia is caused by damage to the hippocampus?
What type of amnesia is caused by damage to the hippocampus?
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Early childhood experiences and parenting styles are factors that shape __________.
Early childhood experiences and parenting styles are factors that shape __________.
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Which neurotransmitter level variation can affect mood, cognition, and behavior?
Which neurotransmitter level variation can affect mood, cognition, and behavior?
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What was one of the main goals of H.M.'s surgery?
What was one of the main goals of H.M.'s surgery?
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H.M. was able to form new long-term memories after his surgery.
H.M. was able to form new long-term memories after his surgery.
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What part of the brain was primarily affected by H.M.'s surgery?
What part of the brain was primarily affected by H.M.'s surgery?
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Retrieval cues are stimuli that help us access stored __________.
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help us access stored __________.
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Match the major brain structures to their primary functions:
Match the major brain structures to their primary functions:
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What is one consequence of H.M.'s brain defects?
What is one consequence of H.M.'s brain defects?
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Context-dependent memory suggests we are better at retrieving information in a different environment from where we learned it.
Context-dependent memory suggests we are better at retrieving information in a different environment from where we learned it.
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What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
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The __________ lobe processes sensory information, particularly touch and spatial awareness.
The __________ lobe processes sensory information, particularly touch and spatial awareness.
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Which of the following statements is true about H.M.'s case?
Which of the following statements is true about H.M.'s case?
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Study Notes
Memory Processes
- Storage: Maintaining information for future use
- Encoding: Transforming sensory input into a storable format
- Retrieval: Accessing and bringing stored information into awareness
Capacity and Duration of Memory
- Capacity of Short-Term Memory (STM): 5-9 items (magic number 7 ± 2)
- Capacity of Long-Term Memory (LTM): Unlimited capacity
- Capacity of Sensory Memory: Very limited and brief
- Duration of STM: 20-30 seconds
- Duration of Sensory Memory (Iconic): Less than a second (visual)
- Duration of Sensory Memory (Echoic): Up to a few seconds (auditory)
- Duration of LTM: Theoretically unlimited
Multi-Store Model of Memory
- Information loss in Sensory Memory (SM): If attention is not paid, information is lost.
- Information loss in Short-Term Memory (STM): Decay (fading over time) or displacement (by new information).
Memory Retrieval Types
- Recognition: Identifying information with cues (e.g., multiple-choice tests)
- Recall: Generating information without cues (e.g., listing planets)
- Relearning: Faster learning of information after a period of time
Examples of Memory Retrieval
- Recalling a fact
- Remembering a personal experience
- Recalling a task
H.M.: A Case Study in Memory
- Henry Molaison (H.M.) underwent surgery to alleviate severe seizures.
- The surgery removed significant portions of the hippocampus and surrounding structures in the medial temporal lobe.
- The result was an inability to form new long-term memories (anterograde amnesia).
- The case highlights the role of the hippocampus in forming long-term memories.
The Brain: A Complex Organ
- The brain is a complex organ with billions of neurons
- Cerebrum: Largest part, responsible for high-level functions (thought, memory, language, consciousness).
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Cerebral Cortex: Outer layer of the cerebrum divided into four lobes:
- Frontal Lobe: Decision-making, problem-solving, motor control
- Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information, especially touch and spatial awareness.
- Temporal Lobe: Involved in hearing, language processing, and memory
- Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement, balance, posture.
- Brain Stem/Medulla Oblongata: Controls vital functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)
- Pons: Involved in sleep, arousal, and sensory information
- Midbrain: Plays a role in vision, hearing, and motor control
Damage to Specific Brain Areas
- Hippocampus: Crucial for forming new memories. Damage leads to anterograde amnesia.
- Cerebral Cortex: Important for storing & retrieving long-term memories. Damage can affect specific memories
- Amygdala: Plays a role in emotional memory
Factors Influencing Individual Differences
- Genetics (heredity and neurotransmitter levels)
- Environment (upbringing, culture, education)
- Experiences (personal, trauma)
- Brain structure and function (neurotransmitter imbalances, brain injuries)
- The human brain is a complex structure composed of billions of neurons.
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Description
Test your knowledge on memory processes including encoding, storage, and retrieval. Explore how different types of memory function and their capacities as well as durations. This quiz will help you understand the multi-store model of memory in depth.
