Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best exemplifies the encoding stage of memory?
Which of the following best exemplifies the encoding stage of memory?
- Holding a phone number in your mind just long enough to dial it.
- Recalling the steps to ride a bicycle after many years.
- Remembering a childhood birthday party in vivid detail.
- Forgetting a person's name immediately after being introduced. (correct)
Sensory memory's primary function is to:
Sensory memory's primary function is to:
- Permanently store vast amounts of information.
- Provide the brain with a brief window to process incoming sensations. (correct)
- Transfer information directly into long-term memory storage.
- Enable detailed analysis and manipulation of information.
What is the duration of echoic memory?
What is the duration of echoic memory?
- About 4 seconds. (correct)
- Indefinitely under the right conditions.
- Momentarily.
- Up to one minute.
The key difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory is that working memory:
The key difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory is that working memory:
Which of the following is a characteristic of long-term memory (LTM)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of long-term memory (LTM)?
Remembering the capital of France falls under which type of long-term memory?
Remembering the capital of France falls under which type of long-term memory?
Which type of the following memory would be directly involved in riding a bike?
Which type of the following memory would be directly involved in riding a bike?
What does reactivating information that has been stored in memory refer to?
What does reactivating information that has been stored in memory refer to?
Flashcards
Encoding
Encoding
The process of placing experiences into memory.
Storage
Storage
Holding information in memory for processing or use.
Retrieval
Retrieval
Reactivating stored information from memory.
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Short-term Memory (STM)
Short-term Memory (STM)
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Working Memory
Working Memory
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Long-term Memory (LTM)
Long-term Memory (LTM)
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Study Notes
Memory Stages
- Memory processes involve encoding, storage, and retrieval
- Encoding is how experiences are entered into memory
- Storage is keeping information in memory to use later
- Retrieval is accessing stored information
Sensory Memory
- Brief sensory information storage
- Purpose is processing incoming sensations
- Iconic memory (visual)
- Echoic memory (sound) - lasts up to 4 seconds
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Temporarily stores small amounts of information (less than a minute)
- Not permanent storage; becomes available for processing
- Working memory refers to processes in STM
- Used for processing, modifying and storing information
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Permanent information storage (days, months, years)
- Unlimited capacity
- Organizes memory using categories, prototypes, and schemas
- Schemas can lead to memory distortions
- Two types: explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)
Explicit (Declarative) Memory
- Episodic: Personal experiences and events
- Semantic: General knowledge and factual information
Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory
- Procedural: Knowledge of skills and habits
- Priming: Changes in behavior from frequent experiences
Cognition
- Encompasses processes like perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgment, language, and memory
- Cognitive processes can lead to distortions and errors in judgments and behaviors
- Examples of cognitive biases include overconfidence, source monitoring, misinformation effect, confirmation bias, functional fixedness, salience, representativeness heuristic, and availability heuristic
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