Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of associations were better learned compared to those associated with a friend or stranger?
What type of associations were better learned compared to those associated with a friend or stranger?
- Shapes associated with positive reinforcement
- Shapes associated with a monetary reward
- Shapes associated with the self (correct)
- Shapes associated with a task
Participants gained extra rewards for both correct and non-matching judgements.
Participants gained extra rewards for both correct and non-matching judgements.
False (B)
What phenomenon involves the transfer of fear to neutral stimuli through association?
What phenomenon involves the transfer of fear to neutral stimuli through association?
Fear conditioning
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a small, furry creature, a __________.
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a small, furry creature, a __________.
Match the following reward levels with their learning effects:
Match the following reward levels with their learning effects:
What was a surprising finding regarding self-associations in the study?
What was a surprising finding regarding self-associations in the study?
Fear conditioning was first explored through the case study of Little Albert.
Fear conditioning was first explored through the case study of Little Albert.
Who conducted the study involving Little Albert?
Who conducted the study involving Little Albert?
What has been shown to impact memory retrieval according to emotional processing?
What has been shown to impact memory retrieval according to emotional processing?
Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome can recall recent faces accurately.
Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome can recall recent faces accurately.
What are flashbulb memories?
What are flashbulb memories?
Memory involves the processes of encoding, _______, and retrieval.
Memory involves the processes of encoding, _______, and retrieval.
In the study involving patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome, how did their evaluations of faces align with their experience?
In the study involving patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome, how did their evaluations of faces align with their experience?
Emotional events do not influence cognitive processes.
Emotional events do not influence cognitive processes.
What is an example of a neutral stimulus that has acquired pleasant qualities due to association?
What is an example of a neutral stimulus that has acquired pleasant qualities due to association?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What distinguishes intrusive visual memories from overgeneral memories?
What distinguishes intrusive visual memories from overgeneral memories?
Mood-congruent memory suggests that we are more likely to recall memories that match our current mood.
Mood-congruent memory suggests that we are more likely to recall memories that match our current mood.
Name one mental health condition where intrusive visual memories are commonly reported.
Name one mental health condition where intrusive visual memories are commonly reported.
The phenomenon where material is more likely to be recalled when in the same mood as when it was learned is known as _____ memory.
The phenomenon where material is more likely to be recalled when in the same mood as when it was learned is known as _____ memory.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
How does mood state affect memory processes according to the content?
How does mood state affect memory processes according to the content?
Intrusive memories are only related to real events, not imaginary ones.
Intrusive memories are only related to real events, not imaginary ones.
What are some examples of conditions that may feature intrusive visual memories?
What are some examples of conditions that may feature intrusive visual memories?
What can people with poor attention control do to compensate for their difficulties?
What can people with poor attention control do to compensate for their difficulties?
People with good attention control always perform well in all circumstances.
People with good attention control always perform well in all circumstances.
According to Eysenck's attention control theory, who is particularly affected by limitations in compensating for poor attention control?
According to Eysenck's attention control theory, who is particularly affected by limitations in compensating for poor attention control?
When engaged in activities that are particularly relevant to their goals, individuals may be able to put off __________ and focus better.
When engaged in activities that are particularly relevant to their goals, individuals may be able to put off __________ and focus better.
Which of the following can increase the difficulty of preventing distractions?
Which of the following can increase the difficulty of preventing distractions?
Visual search tasks used in studies involve locating target faces among distracted faces.
Visual search tasks used in studies involve locating target faces among distracted faces.
Match the factors to their description:
Match the factors to their description:
In the visual search task by Berggren and colleagues, participants had to count back in threes from a __________ presented on the screen.
In the visual search task by Berggren and colleagues, participants had to count back in threes from a __________ presented on the screen.
What did the data reveal about depressed participants' completion of tasks involving negative words?
What did the data reveal about depressed participants' completion of tasks involving negative words?
Memory biases can contribute to the maintenance of depression.
Memory biases can contribute to the maintenance of depression.
What aspect of attention did Derryberry and Reed focus on in their research?
What aspect of attention did Derryberry and Reed focus on in their research?
Anxiety is often associated with attention biases towards _____ .
Anxiety is often associated with attention biases towards _____ .
Match the components of attention with their characteristics:
Match the components of attention with their characteristics:
Which of the following statements is true regarding some anxious individuals?
Which of the following statements is true regarding some anxious individuals?
The effects of emotions do not impact learning and memory.
The effects of emotions do not impact learning and memory.
What role do cognitive processes play in emotional experiences?
What role do cognitive processes play in emotional experiences?
Study Notes
Learning and Rewards
- Participants received additional rewards in a shape matching task based on the value assigned to shapes, demonstrating that high reward pairings enhanced learning.
- Self-associations with shapes were better retained than associations with friends or strangers, indicating that self-referential learning can be as impactful as monetary rewards.
Fear Conditioning
- Fear conditioning involves associating neutral stimuli with aversive events, leading to fear responses toward the previously neutral stimuli.
- The case of Little Albert exemplified this, where a loud noise conditioned a fear response to a white mouse.
- Neutral stimuli, such as a cigarette, may acquire pleasant qualities through association with an unconditioned stimulus like tobacco.
Memory and Emotion
- Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional ones, as illustrated by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.
- These patients showed consistent evaluations of faces based on initial emotional descriptions despite memory gaps for the faces themselves.
Flashbulb Memories
- Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed recollections of significant events, which may not only be personally relevant.
- These memories can recur in mental health issues like PTSD, where patients experience distressing visual intrusions corresponding to real or imaginary events.
Mood and Memory
- Emotional states can influence memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval, leading to phenomena such as mood-congruent and mood-dependent memory.
- Depressed individuals may recall negative information more easily and are quicker to fill incomplete negative words, indicating a memory bias linked to their emotional state.
Cognitive Regulation of Emotions
- Attention control theory distinguishes between involuntary and voluntary attention systems, proposing that attention can be adjusted based on goals.
- Some individuals with anxiety may not show attention biases towards threats and can voluntarily control their focus; however, this is dependent on cognitive load and motivation levels.
- Research suggested that when cognitive resources are taxed, anxious individuals struggle to ignore irrelevant thoughts during tasks, highlighting the complexities of attention control.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of learning, rewards, and fear conditioning in psychology. This quiz covers key examples, such as the case of Little Albert and the impact of emotional events on memory retention. Test your understanding of self-referential learning and how emotions influence our experiences.
