Questions and Answers
What is memory?
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
What is a flashbulb memory?
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
What is encoding?
The processing of information into the memory system.
What is the serial position effect?
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What is automatic processing?
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What is effortful processing?
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What is the spacing effect?
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Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?
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What is focused attention?
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What is divided attention?
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What is the next-in-line effect?
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What is the recency effect?
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What is the primacy effect?
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What is the von Restorff effect?
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What is the self-reference effect?
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What is rosy retrospection?
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What is visual encoding?
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What is acoustic encoding?
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What is semantic encoding?
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What are mnemonics?
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What is storage in memory?
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What is retrieval in memory?
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Study Notes
Memory Concepts in Psychology
- Memory refers to the ability to persistently learn and to store and retrieve information over time.
- Alzheimer's disease can severely impair memory functions.
Flashbulb Memory
- Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of emotionally charged events, often retained over time, such as graduation.
Encoding Processes
- Encoding is the conversion of information into a form suitable for storage in memory.
- Examples include extracting meaning from experiences, like remembering a coach's pep talk.
Recall Effects
- Serial Position Effect describes the tendency to best remember the first and last items in a sequence.
- Recency Effect refers to better recall of items presented at the end of a list.
- Primacy Effect indicates improved memory for information presented first.
- Next-in-Line Effect highlights reduced recall for individuals immediately before or after speaking in a group.
Attention in Memory
- Focused Attention involves concentrating on a singular aspect while ignoring distractions.
- Divided Attention occurs when managing two tasks at once, such as driving while on a call.
Processing Types
- Automatic Processing entails unconscious encoding of incidental information, like recalling lunch details without effort.
- Effortful Processing requires deliberate attention and memory effort, often seen in studying.
- Spacing Effect suggests distributed practice yields better long-term retention compared to cram sessions.
Early Memory Research
- Hermann Ebbinghaus pioneered research in verbal memory and introduced the concept of the learning curve.
Encoding Techniques
- Visual Encoding captures images and creates mental pictures from descriptions.
- Acoustic Encoding processes sounds, especially spoken words.
- Semantic Encoding focuses on understanding the meaning of information.
Memory Aids
- Mnemonics are techniques that enhance memory retention through vivid imagery or organized formats (e.g., PEMDAS for order of operations).
Memory Retention and Retrieval
- Storage is the maintenance of encoded information over time, a key aspect of memory systems.
- Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information from memory, crucial for recall tasks.
Other Memory Biases
- von Restorff Effect explains the propensity to remember distinctive or unusual items.
- Self Reference Effect indicates that people remember information better when they can relate personally to it.
- Rosy Retrospection describes the tendency to evaluate past experiences more positively than how they felt at the time.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key vocabulary from Chapter 9 of AP Psychology. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding concepts related to memory and learning. Prepare to enhance your understanding and recall of important psychological terminology.