Psychology MCAT Chapter 3 Flashcards

The way in which we acquire new behaviors.

Anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism.

A type of learning in which increased exposure to the same stimulus can decrease the response to a stimulus.

<p>The recovery from habituation to a stimulus usually happens when a person is exposed to a different stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency of an organism to orient its senses toward an unexpected stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self protection - allows us to quickly gather information about a stimulus that could be threatening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of learning a connection between certain stimuli and a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of learning that creates associations between two unrelated stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus that causes a natural response in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The natural response of an organism to the unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutral stimuli that have the potential to be a conditioning stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of turning an unconditioned stimulus to a conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By not presenting the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of making the conditioned stimulus a neutral stimulus again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A scientist credited with developing behaviorism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A scientist who introduced many ideas about classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tool used in operant conditioning used to increase the frequency of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding a desirable stimulus to the environment after a behavior is done.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking something undesirable from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escape and avoidance learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing the unpleasantness of something that already exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trying to avoid an unpleasant situation that is yet to happen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcers that an organism responds to naturally, such as food, water, shelter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learned reinforcers that can be used to attain primary reinforcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of conditioning to decrease the frequency of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding something negative to the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking away something positive from the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable ratio schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous reinforcement schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variable schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fixed ratio schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning that occurs without a reward but is quickly demonstrated when a reward is at play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Problem solving and latent learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they coincide with their own abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predisposition to learn behaviors based on their own natural abilities and instincts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning by observing others; also called social learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Another name for observational learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The way in which we use and store information in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habituation based therapy used to treat PTSD by repetitively exposing clients to fear-inducing stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree to which two stimuli occur close together in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be presented separately by a short time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CS comes first, but continues until US starts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CS comes first, ends before start of UCS, conditioning occurs readily but response is sometimes weak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioning is weaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CS and US are presented at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the CS follows the onset of the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree to which the presentation of one stimulus reliably predicts the presentation of the other stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A learned avoidance of a particular food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A temporary increase in a behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organism is positively reinforced for an action it does the action more often as it requires the operant behavior. If the action does not reap any rewards after the initial burst it begins to undergo extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Acknowledges that learning can occur without overt changes in behavior. 2) Takes into account the role of cognition in learning.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers