Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the minimum duration for a major depressive episode to be diagnosed?
What is the minimum duration for a major depressive episode to be diagnosed?
- One year
- One month
- One week
- Two weeks (correct)
- Six months
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder?
- Sleep disturbances
- Difficulty concentrating
- Significant weight change
- Recurrent thoughts of death
- Increased energy levels (correct)
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder for women in Australia?
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder for women in Australia?
- 7.5%
- 5.1%
- 4.5%
- 3.1%
- 6.2% (correct)
Which theory suggests that depression results from maladaptive thought patterns and learned helplessness?
Which theory suggests that depression results from maladaptive thought patterns and learned helplessness?
Which of the following treatments is often as effective as medication for non-hospitalized individuals with severe depression?
Which of the following treatments is often as effective as medication for non-hospitalized individuals with severe depression?
Which of the following medications is classified as an SSRI?
Which of the following medications is classified as an SSRI?
Which psychological therapy is focused on resolving interpersonal problems to treat depression?
Which psychological therapy is focused on resolving interpersonal problems to treat depression?
Which of the following is NOT typically used to prevent relapse in depressive disorders?
Which of the following is NOT typically used to prevent relapse in depressive disorders?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes bipolar II disorder from bipolar I disorder?
What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes bipolar II disorder from bipolar I disorder?
Which bipolar disorder involves a chronic but milder form of mood disturbances?
Which bipolar disorder involves a chronic but milder form of mood disturbances?
The median age of onset for bipolar disorder is:
The median age of onset for bipolar disorder is:
Which neurotransmitter imbalance is NOT associated with bipolar disorder?
Which neurotransmitter imbalance is NOT associated with bipolar disorder?
Which therapy aims to regulate social rhythms and reduce disruptions in daily routines for bipolar disorder patients?
Which therapy aims to regulate social rhythms and reduce disruptions in daily routines for bipolar disorder patients?
Which mood stabilizer was discovered by John Cade and transformed the treatment of bipolar disorder?
Which mood stabilizer was discovered by John Cade and transformed the treatment of bipolar disorder?
What is NOT a common comorbid condition with bipolar disorder?
What is NOT a common comorbid condition with bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is not uncommon among those who do not avoid excessive goal engagement.
Bipolar disorder is not uncommon among those who do not avoid excessive goal engagement.
Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of psychoeducation in treating bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of psychoeducation in treating bipolar disorder?
Which therapy focuses on challenging hyper-positive cognitions and negative underlying beliefs in bipolar disorder?
Which therapy focuses on challenging hyper-positive cognitions and negative underlying beliefs in bipolar disorder?
It is not unlikely that people with bipolar disorder are not affected by disrupted sleep patterns.
It is not unlikely that people with bipolar disorder are not affected by disrupted sleep patterns.
What is the term for a less severe but chronic form of bipolar disorder?
What is the term for a less severe but chronic form of bipolar disorder?
Which therapy is used to enhance the quality of life and self-management in people with bipolar disorder?
Which therapy is used to enhance the quality of life and self-management in people with bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is NOT considered a symptom of mania?
Which of the following is NOT considered a symptom of mania?
Which factor is NOT typically addressed in the diathesis-stress model of bipolar disorder?
Which factor is NOT typically addressed in the diathesis-stress model of bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a key symptom of a major depressive episode?
Which of the following is NOT a key symptom of a major depressive episode?
What is the primary focus of cognitive restructuring in CBT for bipolar disorder?
What is the primary focus of cognitive restructuring in CBT for bipolar disorder?
Which treatment approach combines medication and psychotherapy to prevent relapse in bipolar disorder?
Which treatment approach combines medication and psychotherapy to prevent relapse in bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a measure commonly used to assess features of bipolar disorder in Australia?
Which of the following is NOT a measure commonly used to assess features of bipolar disorder in Australia?
Which therapy involves family members to improve knowledge, communication, and problem-solving skills in bipolar disorder?
Which therapy involves family members to improve knowledge, communication, and problem-solving skills in bipolar disorder?
It is not uncommon for bipolar disorder to not be overdiagnosed, particularly in individuals without unipolar depression.
It is not uncommon for bipolar disorder to not be overdiagnosed, particularly in individuals without unipolar depression.
Which intervention is NOT typically part of relapse prevention strategies for bipolar disorder?
Which intervention is NOT typically part of relapse prevention strategies for bipolar disorder?
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Study Notes
Major Depressive Episode
- Diagnosis requires a minimum duration of two weeks.
- Symptoms include significant weight change, sleep disturbances, recurrent thoughts of death, and difficulty concentrating. Increased energy levels are NOT a symptom.
Prevalence and Theory
- Lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder for women in Australia is approximately 6.2%.
- Cognitive theory relates depression to maladaptive thought patterns and learned helplessness.
Treatment Options
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) can be as effective as medication for severe depression in non-hospitalized individuals.
- SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) include medications like Sertraline.
Psychological Therapies
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) focuses on resolving interpersonal issues to treat depression.
- Psychoeducation, CBT, and monitoring are common strategies to prevent relapse in depressive disorders, while brief psychodynamic therapy typically is not.
Bipolar Disorder Distinctions
- Bipolar II disorder is characterized by the presence of hypomanic episodes without manic episodes.
- Cyclothymic Disorder represents a chronic but milder form of mood disturbances.
Onset and Neurotransmitter Imbalance
- Median age of onset for bipolar disorder is around 25 years.
- Commonly associated neurotransmitter imbalances include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and glutamate. GABA is NOT typically associated.
Therapy Focus
- Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) aims to regulate social rhythms and daily routines.
- Lithium, discovered by John Cade, revolutionized treatment for bipolar disorder.
Comorbid Conditions
- Common comorbid conditions include anxiety disorders and substance misuse; schizophrenia is not typically considered a comorbidity.
Double Negative Questions
- Double negatives can create confusion in statements such as “bipolar disorder is not uncommon among those who do not avoid excessive goal engagement.”
Psychoeducation Goals
- Goals include medication adherence, early relapse identification, and enhancing social rhythms, but do NOT focus on diagnosing comorbid conditions.
Cognitive Restructuring in CBT
- Focuses on identifying and challenging unhelpful thoughts as a primary goal for bipolar disorder treatment.
Integrated Treatment Approaches
- An integrated biopsychosocial approach combines medication with psychotherapy for effective relapse prevention in bipolar disorder.
Assessment of Bipolar Disorder
- Common assessment measures in Australia for bipolar disorder include the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Internal State Scale (ISS).
Family Involvement
- Family-focused therapy involves family members to improve communication and problem-solving skills related to bipolar disorder.
Relapse Prevention Strategies
- Effective strategies include self-monitoring early symptoms, medication adherence, and psychoeducation. Light therapy is NOT typically included in relapse prevention interventions.
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