Major Depressive Disorder Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a specifier for Major Depressive Disorder?

  • With narcissistic features
  • With obsessive-compulsive features
  • With manic features
  • With seasonal pattern (correct)

    • At what age does the risk for Major Depressive Disorder start to increase?

  • Early twenties
  • Early teens (correct)
  • Late twenties
  • Late teens

    • What is the typical duration of a depressive episode in Major Depressive Disorder?

  • 6 to 7 months
  • 4 to 5 months (correct)
  • 2 to 3 months
  • 8 to 9 months

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly Dysthymia)?

    <p>Depressed mood for most of the day, most days, for 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability of depression based on twin, family, and adoption studies?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cognitive distortion according to Beck's cognitive model of depression?

    <p>Arbitrary inference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Bipolar 1 Disorder and Bipolar 2 Disorder?

    <p>Presence of 1 manic episode in Bipolar 1 Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about autoreceptors?

    <p>They act as a feedback loop to inhibit firing of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an antagonist drug?

    <p>To inhibit the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is associated with genetic vulnerability to depression?

    <p>5-HTTLPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of serotonin in the brain?

    <p>Controls feeding/satiety, sexual behavior, the sleep-wake cycle, and mood regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specifier for Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>With psychotic features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of a depressive episode in Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>4 to 5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the risk for Major Depressive Disorder start to increase?

    <p>Early teens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median lifetime number of depressive episodes in Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>4-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean age of onset for Major Depressive Disorder according to NCS?

    <p>30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean age of onset for Major Depressive Disorder according to OADP?

    <p>18.3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is twice as likely to have Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the gender imbalance in Major Depressive Disorder disappear?

    <p>After 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of having another episode of Major Depressive Disorder after a single episode?

    <p>Rare (33-85% have another one)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration between two episodes to be considered as recurrent Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly Dysthymia)?

    <p>Depressed mood for most of the day, most days, for 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age of onset for Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly Dysthymia)?

    <p>Early 20s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly Dysthymia) have co-morbid disorders?

    <p>33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heritability of depression based on twin, family, and adoption studies?

    <p>40-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components of Beck's cognitive model of depression?

    <p>Negative perceptions of SELF, PERSONAL WORLD, FUTURE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the belief that bad events are a result of personal failings?

    <p>Internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specifier for a hypomanic episode in Bipolar 2 Disorder?

    <p>Presence of at least one hypomanic episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with Bipolar 2 Disorder develop a full manic or mixed episode?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence rate of Bipolar 1 Disorder in the population?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the synapse?

    <p>Synaptic catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of serotonin in the brain?

    <p>Controlling feeding/satiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of autoreceptors?

    <p>Inhibit cell firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is associated with genetic vulnerability to depression?

    <p>5 HTTLPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

    <p>Serotonin reuptake transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?

    <p>Hypertensive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an antagonist drug?

    <p>Oppose neurotransmitter effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5 HTTLPR) and serotonin transporter mRNA transcription?

    <p>Higher transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of depleting tryptophan from the diet on serotonin levels and depressive symptoms?

    <p>Reduces serotonin levels and triggers depressive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way of relating neurochemical dysfunction to a disorder?

    <p>Studying the genetics of the disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?

    <p>Effective as antidepressant treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • Specifiers for MDD include melancholic features and seasonal patterns.
    • Risk for MDD starts to increase during adolescence.
    • Typical duration of a depressive episode is around 6-12 months.
    • Median lifetime number of depressive episodes is about 5.
    • Mean age of onset for MDD according to the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) is 32 years.
    • Mean age of onset for MDD according to the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study (OADP) is 29 years.
    • Females are twice as likely to have MDD compared to males.
    • Gender imbalance in MDD tends to disappear after age 65.
    • Risk of experiencing another episode after a single episode is approximately 50%.
    • Minimum duration between two episodes for recurrent MDD is 2 months.

    Persistent Depressive Disorder (formerly Dysthymia)

    • Characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder is a chronic low mood lasting for at least 2 years in adults.
    • Age of onset for Persistent Depressive Disorder often occurs in early adulthood.
    • Approximately 70% of individuals with Persistent Depressive Disorder have co-morbid disorders.
    • Duration criterion for Persistent Depressive Disorder is a minimum of 2 years.

    Bipolar Disorders

    • Bipolar 1 Disorder is characterized by one or more manic episodes, whereas Bipolar 2 Disorder involves at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.
    • Specifier for a hypomanic episode in Bipolar 2 Disorder is the presence of a persistent, abnormal elevation in mood.
    • About 15% of individuals with Bipolar 2 Disorder may develop a full manic or mixed episode.
    • Prevalence rate of Bipolar 1 Disorder in the population is approximately 1%.

    Cognitive Distortions and Theories

    • Cognitive distortion according to Beck's model includes overgeneralization and catastrophic thinking.
    • Three components of Beck's cognitive model of depression are negative cognitive triad, cognitive biases, and underlying negatively influenced schemas.
    • The term to describe the belief that negative events are due to personal failings is “personalization”.
    • Heritability of depression based on twin, family, and adoption studies is estimated to be around 37%.
    • The serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with genetic vulnerability to depression.
    • Serotonin plays a role in mood regulation, anxiety, and overall emotional well-being.
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) target the serotonin transporter to increase serotonin levels.
    • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that breaks down monoamines, which include neurotransmitters like serotonin.
    • Autoreceptors monitor neurotransmitter release and modulate further neurotransmitter production based on concentrations.

    Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology

    • Antagonist drugs function by blocking receptors or functions of certain neurotransmitters.
    • Side effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may include dietary restrictions due to tyramine interactions.
    • Depleting tryptophan from the diet reduces serotonin levels and can increase depressive symptoms.
    • Long allele of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with increased serotonin transporter mRNA transcription, enhancing serotonin uptake.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Major Depressive Disorder, a type of depressive disorder characterized by the absence of mania or hypomania and the occurrence of a single episode or recurrent episodes. Learn about the duration, frequency, and specifiers associated with this condition.

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