Psychology Long Term Memory Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory (LTM)?

  • It is responsible for immediate recall of sensory information. (correct)
  • It covers a vast span of time.
  • It can store information from a few seconds ago to our earliest memories.
  • It is used for storing information about past events and knowledge.

Long-term memory can be divided into only two categories: declarative memory and implicit memory.

True (A)

What is the primary function of long-term memory?

Long-term memory serves as an archive for storing information about past experiences and learned knowledge.

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory is known as ______.

<p>encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory types to their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Declarative memory = Memories about facts and events that can be consciously recalled Implicit memory = Memories that influence behavior without conscious awareness Episodic memory = Memories of personal experiences and events Procedural memory = Memories of skills and how to perform actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that involves placing information into long-term memory?

<p>Encoding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maintenance rehearsal is a more effective way to transfer information into LTM compared to elaborative rehearsal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two main ways to encode information into long-term memory?

<p>Rehearsal and levels of processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of connecting new material to information or ideas already in the learner's mind is called ______ rehearsal.

<p>elaborative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of rehearsal with their definitions:

<p>Maintenance rehearsal = Repeating information without connecting it to existing knowledge. Elaborative rehearsal = Connecting new information to existing knowledge or ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the levels of processing theory, deeper processing leads to better memory retention.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these examples best illustrates elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Relating a new fact about history to a historical event you already know. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how levels of processing theory relates to the effectiveness of memory storage.

<p>The deeper the level of processing, the more likely information is to be encoded into long-term memory. Shallow processing involves superficial features, while deep processing involves meaningful connections, making the information more memorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory storage in LTM?

<p>Repetition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The self-reference effect suggests that we are more likely to remember information if we can relate it to our own experiences

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the patient who had surgery that removed parts of their hippocampus, resulting in significant memory impairments?

<p>H.M.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a brain structure that plays a crucial role in the formation and consolidation of new memories.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory storage mechanisms with their descriptions:

<p>Self-reference effect = Relating information to oneself Organizing information = Structuring information for easier retrieval Semantic networks = A system of connected concepts Synaptic changes = Physiological changes that strengthen connections between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a real-world application of organizing information for better recall?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traumatic accidents can result in memory impairments due to damage to the hippocampus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the self-reference effect can help improve memory storage in LTM.

<p>The self-reference effect suggests that we are more likely to remember information if we can relate it to our own experiences. This is because by connecting information to ourselves, we create stronger personal associations that help us retrieve information more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of deep processing according to the Levels of Processing theory?

<p>Focus attention on physical features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shallow processing is more effective for encoding information into long-term memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give one example of how elaborative rehearsal can be used to encode information into long-term memory.

<p>Creating a mental image of the information, connecting it to a personal experience, or relating it to existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The more connections that are made between a piece of information and other information, the ______ the memory of that information will be.

<p>stronger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of processing with their corresponding examples.

<p>Shallow Processing = Relating the word 'car' to a recent car accident Deep Processing = Repeating the phone number '555-1234' over and over again</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagery can enhance encoding and create stronger connections in memory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a complex sentence that would be better for remembering the word 'chicken'?

<p>She cooked the chicken for dinner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Levels of Processing theory explains why complex sentences are better for remembering information.

<p>Complex sentences require deeper processing because they require more connections to be made between the word and other information, leading to stronger memory encoding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory did H.M. lose after his surgery?

<p>Declarative memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hippocampus is responsible for storing long-term memories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of time needed to strengthen neural information in long-term memory?

<p>Memory consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

While H.M. lost his ability to form new conscious memories, he was still able to learn new ______.

<p>skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following memory concepts to their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Declarative memory = Memories of facts, events, and personal experiences Implicit memory = Memories for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses Retrograde amnesia = Loss of memory for events that occurred before a trauma Anterograde amnesia = Loss of memory for events that occur after a trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of H.M.'s surgery?

<p>Loss of language abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hippocampus is necessary for short-term memory and working memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a skill that H.M. could still learn despite his memory impairment?

<p>Mirror drawing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

<p>Maintenance Rehearsal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Implicit memory is associated with conscious recall, whereas declarative memory is associated with unconscious recall.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that involves recovering information from long-term memory?

<p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

The case of HM demonstrates that the ______ plays a critical role in storing new information in long-term memory.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of memory with their corresponding examples:

<p>Episodic Memory = Remembering your first day of school Semantic Memory = Knowing the capital of France Procedural Memory = Riding a bicycle Priming = Being more likely to use a word you recently heard</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

An archive of information about past events and knowledge learned.

Types of LTM

LTM can be divided into declarative (explicit) and implicit memory.

Declarative Memory

A type of LTM that includes facts and experiences we can consciously recall.

Implicit Memory

A type of LTM shown through actions rather than conscious recall.

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Encoding to LTM

The process of transforming short-term memories into long-term memories.

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Self-Reference Effect

Memory improves when relating information to oneself.

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Organizing Information

Structuring information helps in memory retrieval.

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Semantic Networks

A way to link related concepts for better memory access.

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Concept Maps

Visual representations that show relationships among ideas.

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LTM Storage Mechanisms

Long-term memories are stored through synaptic changes in the brain.

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Hippocampus Role

Key brain region involved in forming long-term memories.

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Memory Loss Causes

Memories can fade due to changes in experiences.

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Short-Term to Long-Term

The process of transferring memories from STM to LTM.

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Levels of Processing Theory

A theory positing that memory retention is related to the depth of processing.

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Shallow Processing

A superficial method of encoding that focuses on physical features of information.

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Deep Processing

An encoding method that focuses on the meaning of information and its associations.

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Connections with Other Information

Linking new information to existing knowledge enhances memory retention.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

A method of retaining information by repeating it without linking meaning.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

A deep processing technique where new information is related to existing knowledge and meaning.

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Imagery Enhances Encoding

Using mental images to create stronger memory connections when learning.

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Complex Sentences for Memory

Using complex sentences can create more meaningful connections, aiding recall.

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Encoding

The process of placing information into long-term memory.

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STM to LTM transfer

The process of moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

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Rehearsal

Repeating information to oneself to help remember it.

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Effective Encoding

The process of placing information into LTM using strategies.

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Retrieval Cues

Clues that help recover stored information from LTM.

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Hippocampus Function

The hippocampus is crucial for forming new conscious long-term memories.

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Severe Memory Loss

Loss of memory for events after brain surgery, particularly declarative memories.

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Declarative vs. Implicit Memory

Declarative memory involves conscious recall, while implicit memory does not.

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Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memories from before a trauma, but can still learn new skills.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of strengthening neural information to form lasting memories.

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Short-term Memory vs. Long-term Memory

Short-term memory holds information temporarily, while long-term memory stores it more permanently.

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Study Notes

Long Term Memory (LTM)

  • LTM is an archive of past events and learned knowledge
  • Covers a vast timeframe
  • Examples: What you ate for dinner, activities on your birthday, favourite teachers

Different Types of LTM

  • Declarative (conscious) memory:
    • Episodic: Personal experiences and events with time associated
    • Semantic: Facts, knowledge, not tied to personal experiences
  • Implicit (non-declarative) memory:
    • Past experiences subtly affect behaviour, unaware of these influences
    • Priming: Previous stimuli affect responses to subsequent similar stimuli
    • Procedural: Memory for skills and actions (e.g., riding a bike, tying shoes)

How STM Becomes LTM (Encoding)

  • Rehearsal: Repeating information to oneself
    • Maintenance rehearsal: Repeating without understanding (less effective)
    • Elaborative rehearsal: Connecting new information to existing knowledge
  • Levels of processing: Deeper processing leads to stronger memories
    • Shallow: Focus on physical features
    • Deep: Focus on meaning and connections
  • Making connections: Forming links between new and existing information
  • Organization: Structuring information into a meaningful framework
  • Imagery: Creating mental pictures strengthens memory

How Memories are Stored in the Brain

  • Learning and memory involve synaptic changes
  • LTM storage occurs at synapses (junctions between neurons)
  • Experience alters neural pathways

Losing Memories

  • Traumatic accident: Disrupts memory consolidation (e.g., retrograde amnesia)
  • Brain damage (e.g., patient H.M.): Affects formation of new conscious (declarative) memories

Retrieving Memories (Retrieval)

  • Retrieval cues: Signals that trigger memories (e.g., sounds, places, moods)
  • Transfer-appropriate processing: Retrieval is better if the learning and retrieval contexts are similar
  • Encoding specificity: Memory retrieval is improved when the retrieval conditions match the conditions during learning (e.g., place, mood)
  • State-dependent learning: Memory retrieval is enhanced when the internal state (e.g., mood) at encoding matches the retrieval state
  • Matching place and mood: Studies show improved memory when testing occurs under similar circumstances to learning.

Tips for Effective Studying

  • Elaboration: Questioning and answering about material
  • Organization: Structuring information
  • Association: Linking new information to existing knowledge
  • Breaks: Studying in shorter sessions
  • Matching learning/testing conditions: Replication of studying environment assists in retrieval

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Related Documents

Lect67 Long Term Memory PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on Long Term Memory (LTM) concepts, including its types, how short-term memory transfers to long-term memory, and encoding techniques. This quiz covers key elements such as declarative and implicit memory, as well as rehearsal strategies.

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