Psychology Long-Term Memory Overview
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes long-term memory from short-term memory?

  • LTM has a limited storage capacity.
  • LTM is less active than short-term memory.
  • LTM retains information for a long period. (correct)
  • LTM only stores sensory information.

Which area of the brain is primarily associated with the consolidation of memories?

  • Hippocampus (correct)
  • Amygdala
  • Frontal cortex
  • Cerebellum

What is an example of episodic memory?

  • Recalling your first day at school (correct)
  • Identifying a historical fact
  • Knowing that London is the capital of England
  • Recognizing a face from a photo

What type of memory is primarily responsible for knowing how to perform tasks without conscious thought?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does long-term memory revise stored knowledge?

<p>By incorporating new information dynamically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates autobiographical memory from other types of memory?

<p>It involves a reconstruction of past events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to lead to the formation of a flashbulb memory?

<p>The event has a significant emotional impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of semantic memory?

<p>Understanding the meaning of a word. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does recognition memory differ from recall memory?

<p>Recognition involves identifying previously observed stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been found to affect memory for distant events?

<p>The degree of initial encoding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the hippocampal cells during sleep after learning?

<p>They are activated and replay the learning episode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In memory tasks, what type of knowledge does recall typically require?

<p>Expressive knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with procedural memory?

<p>Involves conscious thought. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does self-esteem play in autobiographical memory?

<p>It influences the type of events remembered (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding explicit memory is correct?

<p>It involves conscious recall of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can influence the effectiveness of learning in memory tasks?

<p>Knowledge of the type of memory test to be taken (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory technique involves linking items to distinctive landmarks in a familiar environment?

<p>Method of Loci (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mnemonic devices?

<p>To aid in encoding and recalling important information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Peg Word System, what is used to help remember new items?

<p>Rhymes or jingles with mental markers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Key Word System primarily helps with learning what type of information?

<p>Foreign language vocabulary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic technique is best suited for remembering a list of items in a specific order?

<p>Peg Word System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Implicit memory primarily refers to what type of knowledge?

<p>Procedural knowledge without conscious awareness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic device incorporates creating a sentence or phrase to aid memory?

<p>Acrostics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Method of Loci is incorrect?

<p>It is only effective for verbal information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interference occurs when new information hinders the recall of previously learned material?

<p>Retroactive interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes forgetting in short-term memory?

<p>Interference and inattention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes proactive interference?

<p>It occurs when past information disrupts the acquisition of new knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for transferring information to long-term memory?

<p>Attention and rehearsal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies the concept of retroactive interference?

<p>Learning a new language and forgetting a previously learned language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sensory memory in remembering information?

<p>It temporarily holds sensory input for further processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ignoring multiple stimuli while driving affect memory?

<p>It causes forgetting due to lack of attention to individual stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most responsible for forgetting information in long-term memory?

<p>Decay and interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing focuses on the meaning of words?

<p>Semantic Processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Levels of Processing theory suggest about memory retention?

<p>Deeper processing enhances memory retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of analyses individuals apply according to Levels of Processing?

<p>The time available for processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding shallow processing?

<p>It involves thinking about superficial properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of information processing is NOT mentioned in the Levels of Processing approach?

<p>Prior Experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes maintenance rehearsal from elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal transfers information from STM to LTM. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which processing strategy is likely to trigger past experiences and associations?

<p>Comprehension reading (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the self-reference effect?

<p>It involves a deep investment in oneself that strengthens the memory of personal information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is commonly directed at traditional information processing models like those proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin?

<p>They use metaphors that are too simplistic to explain cognition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily involved in moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

<p>Elaborative rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes episodic memory as defined by Tulving?

<p>It is focused on personal experiences and specific events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of engaging in cognitive analysis of information?

<p>Enhanced retention by linking information meaningfully. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of memory processing, what does the term 'boxes in the head theory' refer to?

<p>A metaphor to describe the compartmentalization of different memory types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A memory system that stores information for extended periods, seemingly limitless, holding personal memories, general knowledge, and beliefs.

LTM's role in forging links

LTM connects our past to present experiences. It helps us understand the context of our memories.

Procedural Memory

Part of LTM responsible for knowing how to perform actions (motor skills). It's automatic and unconscious.

Semantic Memory

Part of LTM storing world knowledge. It involves conscious thought and facts.

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Hippocampus and Memory

The hippocampus is crucial for forming new long-term memories, especially spatial ones. Reactivating neural activity during sleep is important.

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Memory Encoding's role

The initial recording of information greatly impacts long-term memory. Rehearsing or revisiting information improves memorisation of memories.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of stabilizing newly formed memories into long-term storage.

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Frontal Cortex & Memory

The frontal cortex plays a role in storing enduring memories, highlighting the deep processing aspect in long-term memory storage.

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Implicit Memory

Memory that doesn't need conscious awareness.

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Method of Loci

A memory technique using familiar places to remember items.

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Peg Word System

Associating new items with a memorized list of words to remember a sequence.

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Mnemonic Devices

Techniques to improve memory by adding meaning.

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Key Word System

Creating a connection between foreign words and familiar words to remember their meanings.

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Mnemonic Device Example

Mnemonic Devices are techniques to help improve your memory.

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Remembering a Sequence

Using a memorization technique to recall items in a specific order

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Learning Foreign Words

Using the keyword system to connect foreign words to keywords in your native language.

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Episodic Memory

Part of long-term memory storing information about experienced events.

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Autobiographical Memory

Memory of a person's life history; a constructive process of remembering, not exact recollection.

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Flashbulb Memory

A vivid memory of a significant, impactful event.

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Recall Memory

Producing information from memory without cues.

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Recognition Memory

Identifying previously observed items.

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Recall vs. Recognition

Recall involves generating information; recognition involves identifying previously seen information. Recognition memory is usually better than recall.

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Retroactive Interference

New information hinders the recall of old information.

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Proactive Interference

Old knowledge hinders the learning of new information.

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Sensory Register

Initial stage of memory, holding sensory input briefly.

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Short-Term Memory (STM)

Memory stage where information is held consciously for a short time.

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Forgetting (interference)

Loss of information due to other information interfering with its recall or retrieval.

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Memory transfer to STM

Information moves to Short-term memory when attention is focused on it.

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Memory transfer to LTM

Information moves to Long-term memory through rehearsal.

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Levels of Processing Theory

This theory proposes that the deeper you process information, the better you remember it. The level of processing can range from shallow to deep.

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Structural Processing

Focusing on the physical appearance of words, like the shape of letters or how they are written.

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Phonetic Processing

Focusing on the sound of words, how they are pronounced.

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Semantic Processing

Focusing on the meaning of words, connecting them to other concepts, and understanding their context.

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Deep Processing

Involves relating new information to existing knowledge, thinking about its meaning and implications.

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Shallow Processing

Analyzing information based on its physical or sensory features, like the appearance of a word or a sound.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge in long-term memory.

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Self-Reference Effect

The tendency to remember information better when it's relevant to yourself.

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Information Processing

The way we store and access information in the mind, including both structural models and processing levels.

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Study Notes

Long-Term Memory

  • Long-term memory stores information over long periods.
  • It has a seemingly unlimited capacity able to store information almost indefinitely.
  • It helps forge connections between past and present experiences.
  • It holds vast amounts of diverse information, including personal memories, general knowledge, and beliefs.
  • LTM is dynamic, constantly updating and adapting with new information.

Types of Long-Term Memory

  • Explicit/Declarative Memory: Involves conscious recall.
    • Semantic Memory: Stores general knowledge (e.g., meanings of words, facts).
    • Episodic Memory: Stores personal experiences and events.
  • Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory: Does not involve conscious recall.
    • Procedural Memory: Stores learned actions and skills (e.g., riding a bicycle).

Autobiographical Memories

  • Autobiographical memory is about an individual's history.
  • It's constructive, not an exact record. We reconstruct events.
  • Self-esteem plays a role. Those with positive self-esteem tend to recall more positive events.

Flashbulb Memories

  • Vivid, powerful memories of significant events (e.g., 9/11, a shocking news story).
  • Linked to importance and emotional strength of the event itself.

Measuring Memory

  • Recall: Producing information from memory without cues.
  • Recognition: Identifying information from previously seen or heard stimuli.
  • Research shows recognition is usually better than recall.

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

  • Explicit memory requires conscious recall.
  • Implicit memory doesn't require conscious awareness (e.g., procedural memory).

Mnemonic Devices

  • Strategies to improve memory.
  • Techniques for encoding and retrieving information.
  • Examples include method of loci, peg word system, keyword system, organizational schemes, and acrostics.

Mechanisms of Forgetting

  • Primacy Effect: Early information is better remembered due to rehearsal.
  • Recency Effect: Recent information is better remembered.
  • Decay: Information fades over time due to disuse or lack of activation.
  • Interference: Forgetting due to prior or subsequent learning disrupting retrieval.
    • Retroactive interference: New learning disrupts recall of old.
    • Proactive interference: Old knowledge interferes with new.

Memory Models

  • Level of Processing: Deeper processing leads to better memory retention.
  • Self-Reference Effect: Processing information in relation to oneself improves memory.
    • The deeper we process information, the better we remember it.

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Related Documents

Memory: Models and Long-Term Memory PDF

Description

Explore the nuances of long-term memory, including its capacity, types, and the role of autobiographical memories. This quiz dives into explicit and implicit memory, helping you understand how past experiences shape present knowledge.

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