24 Questions
What is the main principle of Social Exchange Theory?
People will help if benefits outweigh costs
What is the motivation behind Egoistic helping?
To get something in return
What is the term for the phenomenon where people are less likely to help in the presence of others?
The Bystander Effect
What is the term for when individuals monitor the reactions of other bystanders and conclude that they don't need to intervene?
Pluralistic Ignorance
What is the 5-step model to helping developed by Darley and Latané?
Notice the Emergency, Interpret the Situation, Assume Responsibility, Know How to Help, Implement the Decision
What is the negative-state relief hypothesis?
Helping in order to feel better about oneself
What is the term for the phenomenon where responsibility is diffused among a group of people?
Diffusion of Responsibility
What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis?
Helping motivated by empathy
What is the primary focus of the Burnstein et al. study mentioned in the content?
Helping kin in life-or-death situations
According to the content, what is the relationship between the degree of relatedness and the tendency to help?
There is a positive correlation between the degree of relatedness and the tendency to help
What is the name of the theory that explains learning by direct experience and vicarious experience?
Social Learning Theory
According to Social Learning Theory, what motivates individuals to learn and imitate behaviors?
Rewards associated with the behavior
What is the term for learning through observing and copying the behavior of others?
Observational learning
What is the outcome when social norms are adaptive and aligned with 'helping is good'?
Individuals are more likely to help
What is the primary difference between direct experience and vicarious experience in Social Learning Theory?
Direct experience involves personal experience, while vicarious experience involves observing others
What is the underlying mechanism that drives Social Learning Theory?
Rewards and punishments associated with behaviors
What is the primary difference between prosocial behaviour and helping behaviour?
Prosocial behaviour is a broader concept, while helping behaviour is a specific type of prosocial behaviour.
Which of the following is an example of altruistic behaviour?
Volunteering at a soup kitchen without expecting any recognition or reward.
What is the main idea behind kin selection in evolutionary social psychology?
Helping family members because it increases the chances of your genes being passed on.
What is the bystander effect?
The tendency for individuals to avoid helping others in distress when in a group.
What is the primary difference between egoistic and altruistic helping?
Egoistic helping is more focused on personal gain, while altruistic helping is more focused on helping others.
Which of the following is an example of a social/biosocial explanation for prosocial behaviour?
The tendency to help others because it is a social norm.
What is the 5-step model to helping?
Notice, interpret, feel, decide, act.
What is an example of an individual difference that can influence prosocial behaviour?
The personality trait of empathy.
Study Notes
Prosocial Behavior
- Prosocial behavior: behaving in a way that is good for other people or society as a whole, including following societal rules and laws, and helping others.
- Helping behavior: acts that intentionally benefit someone else.
- Altruism: prosocial behaviors that help others even when there is no apparent personal gain or potential costs to the helper.
Biological Explanations
- Evolutionary social psychology: kin selection, reciprocity, and mutually cooperative behavior.
- Kin selection: tendency to help kin depending on degree of relatedness (e.g., parents, siblings, grandparents, cousins).
Social and Biosocial Explanations
- Social learning theory: learning by direct experience, vicarious experience, and observing and copying or imitating the behavior of others.
- Social exchange theory: cost-benefit analysis, where people help if benefits outweigh costs.
Egoistic vs. Altruistic Helping
- Altruistic helping: motivated by empathy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
- Egoistic helping: motivated to get something in return, based on the negative-state relief hypothesis.
Individual Differences
- Personality: no specific "prosocial personality" type.
- Gender: depends on the situation.
- Mood: positive moods and negative moods (e.g., guilt, sadness, but not anger).
Situational Factors
- Bystander effect: people are less likely to help in the presence of others than when alone.
- 5-step model to helping:
- Notice the emergency
- Interpret the situation as an emergency
- Assume responsibility
- Decide to help
- Take action
- Pluralistic ignorance: when individuals monitor the reactions of other bystanders and conclude that they don't need to intervene.
- Diffusion of responsibility: when individuals assume someone else will take responsibility.
This lecture covers prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour, and altruistic behaviour, including evolutionary and social/biosocial explanations, individual differences, and the bystander effect.
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