Psychology Chapter 11: Aggression and Prosocial Behavior
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of aggression?

  • A social behavior intended to cause harm or pain. (correct)
  • A competitive behavior aimed at winning.
  • A response that promotes social bonding.
  • An emotional response to frustration.

Which of the following describes the primary way males demonstrate aggressive tendencies?

  • Verbal expressions of anger.
  • Emotional withdrawal.
  • Indirect social sabotage.
  • Physical confrontations. (correct)

How does socioeconomic status impact aggression and testosterone levels?

  • Aggression is solely dependent on testosterone, regardless of socioeconomic status.
  • Socioeconomic status has no impact on aggression or testosterone levels.
  • Higher socioeconomic status correlates with lower aggression and testosterone. (correct)
  • Lower socioeconomic status leads to higher aggression and testosterone.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of aggressive behavior?

<p>Emotional aggression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the culture of honor, what behavior is likely to be exhibited by individuals?

<p>Aggressive retaliation toward insults. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the Robber's Cave study?

<p>An experiment in which children were isolated in a camp to observe intergroup conflict. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do females primarily demonstrate aggressive tendencies?

<p>Social exclusion and manipulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between aggression and testosterone?

<p>Testosterone increases aggressive behavior in all individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible impact of violent video games on individuals?

<p>Higher likelihood of engaging in violent behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between gun ownership rates and homicide rates?

<p>Higher gun ownership correlates with higher homicide rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is illustrated by the Kitty Genovese case?

<p>The bystander effect and inaction in emergencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines altruism?

<p>A behavior intended to benefit others without expecting anything in return. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urban living affect the likelihood of assisting someone in need?

<p>Urban individuals are less likely to help due to perceived anonymity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one evolutionary basis for group living?

<p>Improved protection from predators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In computer simulations, how do group dynamics typically evolve over time?

<p>Groups exhibit stable hierarchies and roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a likely reason for the inaction of bystanders during emergencies?

<p>Bystanders believe someone else will act. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an unjust or negative attitude towards an individual based solely on their membership in a particular group?

<p>Prejudice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines stereotypes?

<p>Broad overgeneralizations about a group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prejudice and discrimination?

<p>One is a belief, and the other is an action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these personality traits is often linked to prejudiced attitudes?

<p>Authoritarianism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a prejudiced person describe positive behavior exhibited by an out-group member?

<p>As a rare exception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'stereotype threat' refer to?

<p>The awareness of being judged by stereotypes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the practice of treating an individual or group unfairly based on their group membership?

<p>Discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about stereotypes is NOT true?

<p>Stereotypes are based on evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink characterized by?

<p>Suppression of dissent within a group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of social facilitation?

<p>An athlete performs better in a competition than during practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which individuals lose their self-awareness in groups?

<p>Deindividuation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best differentiates between conformity and compliance?

<p>Conformity involves agreeing with a norm, while compliance is acting in accordance with a request. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Asch's study on judging line lengths, what was a surprising outcome?

<p>Pressure from majority led some to give incorrect answers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might highly competent group members make poor decisions in a group setting?

<p>They feel pressured to conform to group norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between obedience and compliance?

<p>Obedience involves following an authority, while compliance involves responding to a request from any peer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is least likely to promote groupthink?

<p>Diverse member backgrounds and perspectives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of social dilemma games?

<p>They emphasize individual payoffs over group benefits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Ultimatum Game, what is typically expected to happen?

<p>The responder may reject offers they perceive as unfair. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do just world beliefs typically influence an individual's view on success or failure?

<p>They foster the belief that personal effort determines outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do sanctions have on behavior in social dilemma games?

<p>They can promote cooperation by discouraging selfish actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a moral dilemma?

<p>A conflict between ethical principles and personal desires. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a predictor for cooperation in social dilemma games?

<p>The threat of sanctioning free riders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Public Goods Game is true?

<p>The game encourages free-riding and reduces total contributions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can influence an individual's perception of their contributions in group settings?

<p>Beliefs about the justness of the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor that can lead to false memory syndrome?

<p>Repetition of information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of eyewitness testimony, what is one significant feature of the interrogation process that can affect accuracy?

<p>Length of the interrogation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What most influences jurors' decisions of guilt or innocence in a courtroom trial?

<p>The credibility of eyewitness testimony (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to action identification theory, when is a person most likely to be influenced by an authority figure's conclusion?

<p>When they feel uncertain about the evidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of well-being is significantly impacted by stress according to research?

<p>Both mental and physical well-being (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mindfulness specifically contribute to subjective well-being?

<p>By enhancing awareness and acceptance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a likely impact of stress on well-being?

<p>Increased motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios can lead to misinformation affecting eyewitnesses?

<p>Listening to another witness's account before reporting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aggression definition

Aggression is any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid that harm.

Types of aggression

Aggression comes in four forms: physical, verbal, relational, and passive-aggressive.

Aggression & Testosterone

A link exists between aggression and testosterone levels, however, the exact relationship is complex and moderated by other factors.

Socioeconomic status & Aggression

Socioeconomic status (SES) can modify the relationship between aggression and testosterone.

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Female Aggression

Females primarily display aggression through relational aggression, which aims to hurt another person's social standing within a group.

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Male Aggression

Males are often associated with physical aggression.

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Robbers Cave Study

A famous social psychology study examining intergroup conflict, demonstrating how competition between groups can lead to aggression.

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Aggression and Culture of Honor

The culture of honor describes how certain cultures emphasize personal reputation and can lead to increased aggression in response to perceived threats to one's honor or status.

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Group Dynamics

The study of how individuals behave and interact within groups.

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Evolutionary Basis of Group Living

Group living provides advantages such as increased protection from predators, better access to resources, and improved chances of raising offspring.

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Group Dynamics in Simulations

Computer simulations can model how groups form, evolve, and interact over time, revealing patterns of cooperation, conflict, and social structures.

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Kitty Genovese Case

A 1964 murder in New York City where 38 witnesses failed to intervene, highlighting the bystander effect.

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Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need if there are other people present.

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Altruism

Unselfish behavior that benefits others without expecting anything in return.

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Evolutionary Basis of Altruism

Altruism may have evolved through kin selection and reciprocal altruism, benefiting individuals' relatedness or future cooperation.

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Urban vs. Rural Assistance

Individuals in urban areas may be less likely to assist someone in need due to factors like anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, and overstimulation.

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Groupthink

A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.

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Social Facilitation

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others.

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Deindividuation

A psychological state in which people lose their sense of individuality and personal responsibility when they are part of a group.

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Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to match the behavior or opinions of a group.

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Compliance

Changing one's behavior due to a direct request or order from someone else.

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Obedience

Changing one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.

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Asch's Line Study

An experiment that demonstrated the power of conformity, where participants were asked to judge the length of lines and often conformed to the incorrect answers given by other participants.

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What promotes groupthink?

Characteristics that promote groupthink include high group cohesiveness, strong leadership, and a stressful or challenging situation.

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Prejudice

A preconceived opinion about a person or group, often based on negative stereotypes and leading to unfair treatment.

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Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people, often oversimplified and inaccurate.

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Discrimination

Unfair treatment or actions against a person or group based on prejudice, often resulting in disadvantages or harm.

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Level of Action Description

A framework explaining how prejudiced people describe the actions of outgroup members, attributing positive actions to external factors and negative actions to internal traits.

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Stereotype Threat

The anxiety and fear experienced by individuals when they feel they might confirm negative stereotypes about their group.

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Personality Traits & Prejudice

Certain personality traits, such as authoritarianism, dogmatism, and social dominance orientation, are often linked to prejudiced attitudes.

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Positive Behavior by Out-group Member

A prejudiced person might attribute a positive action by an out-group member to external factors like luck or special circumstances.

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Negative Behavior by Out-group Member

A prejudiced person might attribute a negative action by an out-group member to internal factors like their personality or inherent traits.

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Social Dilemma Games

Situations where individuals benefit from acting selfishly, but collective well-being suffers if everyone does so. Players face a trade-off between personal gain and the good of the group.

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Ultimatum Game

Two players negotiate a split of a sum of money. The proposer offers a split, and the responder accepts or rejects the offer. If rejected, both players get nothing.

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Public Goods Game

Players contribute to a common pool, which is multiplied and distributed back to everyone. Individuals can choose to contribute or free-ride, benefiting from others' contributions.

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Sanctions in Social Dilemma Games

Punishments or rewards imposed on players based on their actions, aiming to encourage cooperation. They can influence individual choices and group outcomes.

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Belief in a Just World

The belief that people get what they deserve, that the world is fair and equitable. People with this belief may attribute success and failure to individual effort.

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Just World Beliefs & Rewards

Just world beliefs can affect how people perceive their contributions and rewards in group settings. People may expect more rewards if they believe they deserve them.

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Moral Dilemma

A situation where making a choice involves conflicting moral principles or values, there's no easy solution where all values are upheld.

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Predictors for Cooperation vs. Defection

Factors influencing whether individuals cooperate or defect in social dilemmas. These include trust, reciprocity, reputation, social norms, and perceived fairness.

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Eyewitness Testimony Accuracy

Eyewitness testimony can be unreliable due to factors like stress, memory distortions, and suggestive questioning. False memories can also be implanted, leading to inaccurate accounts of events.

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False Memory Syndrome

A condition where a person has a vivid, false memory of an event that never happened. This can be created through suggestions, repeated questioning, or leading information.

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Interrogation Tactics Impact

Techniques used during interrogations, such as pressure, threats, or promises, can influence a witness's testimony, leading to false confessions or inaccurate details.

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Juror's Decision Influence

Eyewitness testimony carries significant weight in jury decisions, often swaying opinions more than other forms of evidence.

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Action Identification Theory

This theory suggests that a person's judgment of another's guilt or innocence is influenced by how they perceive the person's actions. For example, an authoritative figure's conclusion can bias our own assessment.

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Stress & Well-Being

Stress has detrimental effects on both physical and mental well-being. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and weaken the immune system.

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Mindfulness & Well-Being

Mindfulness is a practice of focusing on the present moment without judgment. By being more aware of our thoughts and feelings, it allows us to better manage stress and improve well-being.

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Subjective Well-Being

Subjective well-being refers to our overall sense of happiness and life satisfaction. It's influenced by factors like social connections, purpose, and personal growth.

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Study Notes

Chapter Eleven: Aggression, Violence, Kitty Genovese, and Prosocial Behavior

  • Aggression: Define aggression. Know the four types of aggressive behavior and examples of each. Understand the relationship between aggression and testosterone, including how socioeconomic status impacts this relationship. Explain how females and males primarily demonstrate aggression. Be familiar with the Robber's Cave study. Understand the relationship between aggression and the culture of honor. Know how violent video games impact violent behaviors and perceptions of violence. Understand the correlation between gun ownership and homicide rates.

  • Kitty Genovese Case: Understand the Kitty Genovese case. Understand the explanation for the inaction of bystanders.

  • Prosocial Behavior: Define altruism. Know the evolutionary basis for altruism. Explain if individuals in urban or rural communities are more or less likely to assist someone in need and why.

Chapter Twelve: Group Dynamics, Group Mind, Conformity, and Social Networks

  • Group Dynamics: Understand the evolutionary basis for group living. How do group dynamics play out over time in computer simulations? Understand how minority groups can influence majority groups.

  • Group Mind: Define groupthink and provide an example. Identify characteristics that promote groupthink. Explain strategies to reduce/prevent groupthink.

  • Conformity: Define social facilitation and provide an example. Define deindividuation and provide an example. Explain why highly competent group members sometimes make poor decisions. Define conformity, compliance, and obedience. Understand the difference between conformity and compliance. Be familiar with Asch's study on judging line lengths and its results. Understand social networks including components such as cliques and bridges.

Chapter Thirteen: Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination

  • Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination: Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Provide examples of each. Know the difference between these terms. Identify personality traits associated with prejudiced attitudes. Explain the level of action description and how prejudiced people describe positive or negative out-group behaviors. Define stereotype threat and provide an example. Describe behavior confirmation and provide an example. Define subtyping and provide an example.

  • In-Group/Out-Group Dynamics: Define out-group homogeneity and provide an example. Define in-group heterogeneity and provide an example. Define out-group derogation and understand contributing factors.

  • Reducing Bias: Define superordinate goals and explain how they operate to reduce bias, referencing the Robber's Cave study. Define cross-cutting identities and how they reduce bias. Describe the broaden-and-build hypothesis and how it reduces bias.

Chapter Fourteen: Social Dilemma Games, Belief in a Just World, and Moral Dilemma

  • Social Dilemma Games: Identify predictors for cooperation vs. defection. Describe the Ultimatum Game, its potential actions, outcomes, and real-world implications. Describe the Public Goods Game, its potential actions, outcomes, and real-world implications. Explain how sanctions impact behavior during social dilemma games.

  • Belief in a Just World: Describe just-world belief and provide an example. Explain how just-world beliefs affect perceptions of contributions and rewards in group settings.

  • Moral Dilemma: Explain what a moral dilemma is. Explain how individuals approach moral dilemmas according to Kohlberg. According to Haidt, what are the five fundamental values? Describe how sensitivity to these values differs between the two major U.S. political orientations. Describe ego-defense. Describe why someone might engage in ego defense. Explain how social psychologists define moral hypocrisy. State what characteristics or statuses might influence engagement in moral hypocrisy.

Chapter Fifteen: Justice System and Subjective Well-Being

  • Justice System: How does capital punishment impact homicide rates? Understand the influence of eyewitness testimony on the criminal justice system and own-race bias. Describe false memory syndrome. Identify aspects of the interrogation process that interfere with accurate eyewitness testimony. Know what plays the biggest role in jurors decisions. Explain when people are most likely to be influenced by authority figures.

  • Subjective Well-being: How does stress impact well-being (physical and mental/emotional)? Define mindfulness. Explain how mindfulness impacts subjective well-being.

  • Computer Simulations of Social Change: Identify potential outcomes of computer simulations for rapid social change. Explain patterns of norms and values that emerge over time. Explain when minorities influence majority opinions.

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Description

Explore the intricate dynamics of aggression and prosocial behavior in this quiz based on Chapter Eleven. Understand the types of aggression, the impact of culture and media on violent behavior, and the complexities illustrated by the Kitty Genovese case. Delve into the concepts of altruism and the factors influencing helping behavior in different communities.

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