Psychology Lecture 3: The Self Perspectives

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Questions and Answers

What does self-concept primarily refer to?

How a person thinks and evaluates themselves (correct)

The formation of automatic behaviors

The ability to reflect on others' perceptions

The awareness of environmental influences

During which stage do children learn through reflexes and senses without logical thought?

Formal operational stage

Concrete operational stage

Sensorimotor stage (correct)

Preoperational stage

Which component of self-concept refers to how a person perceives their physical traits?

Ideal self

False self

Self-esteem

Self-image (correct)

According to Freud, what part of the mind holds all thoughts a person is aware of at any moment?

Conscious Signup and view all the answers

How is self-esteem defined in relation to self-concept?

How much value one places on oneself Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the self is influenced by past experiences and stored in the unconscious?

Motives and decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between true self and false self?

True self represents actual desires, while false self hides them Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist emphasized the proactive nature of the self?

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the pre-operational stage in Piaget's stages of development?

Ability to form and use symbols Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines William James's concept of the 'Me-Self'?

How a person perceives their unique experiences Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand conservation and classification?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the self, what does the 'material self' refer to?

Objects and possessions valued by a person Signup and view all the answers

What is a major feature of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?

Development of abstract and theoretical thinking Signup and view all the answers

How does the social self differ from the material self?

The social self is defined by social roles, while the material self focuses on belongings Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, which statement is true about children's role in the learning process?

Children play an active role in constructing their knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of self does the spiritual self encompass according to William James?

Values, morals, and one's conscience Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychological Perspectives on the Self

Psychology examines the mind and behavior, focusing on observable actions and automated responses.

Stages of Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)

Pre-operational stage (2-7 years): Ability to use symbols; limited object-oriented thinking.
Concrete operational stage (7-11 years): Logical thinking about tangible problems; understanding conservation, classification, and reversibility of thought.
Formal operational stage (11 years+): Advanced logical reasoning and comprehension of theoretical and abstract concepts.
Children actively engage in learning by building upon existing knowledge and incorporating new information.

William James' Concept of Self

Differentiates between "Me-Self" (self-descriptive experiences) and "I-Self" (recognition of one's identity).
Components of Me-Self:
- Material self: Possessions and valued objects.
- Social self: Identity shaped by social roles and relationships.
- Spiritual self: Core values, morals, and conscience reflecting one's uniqueness.

Carl Rogers: Self-Concept

Refers to self-perception and evaluation, developing from early childhood throughout life.
Components include:
- Self-image: Personal view of oneself, incorporating traits and physical attributes.
- Self-esteem: Degree of self-worth; influences positive or negative self-evaluation.
- Ideal self: Aspirational goals and ambitions defining who one wishes to become.

Sigmund Freud: Levels of the Mind

Conscious: Awareness of current thoughts, memories, and feelings driven by the reality principle.
Subconscious/Preconscious: Contains accessible thoughts and feelings not currently in awareness.
Unconscious: Stores memories and experiences influencing behavior and motivations, often without conscious awareness.

Other Models of Self

True self vs. false self: True self reflects genuine feelings, whereas false self is shaped by societal expectations.
- Healthy false self: Behaviors and manners exhibited despite contrary internal feelings.

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Description

This quiz explores various psychological perspectives on the self, particularly focusing on the developmental stages of the pre-operational stage in children. Understand how children form and use symbols as they develop their thinking abilities. Test your knowledge on these foundational concepts in psychology.