Psychology Chapter 1: The Self and Freud's Stages
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Questions and Answers

Freud divided the infantile period into two phases: the oral and the anal.

False (B)

During the oral phase, infants primarily gain pleasure through the act of sucking.

True (A)

The anal phase reaches its full development during the first year of life.

False (B)

In the oral-sadistic period, infants can express themselves through biting and crying.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the early anal period, children derive satisfaction by hoarding objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud believed that infants do not experience any frustration or anxiety during the initial oral phase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sadistic-anal phase allows for pleasure derived from excretory functions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mouth is the last organ to develop in terms of providing pleasure to infants.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the phallic stage, boys experience castration anxiety after the Oedipus complex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Penis envy in girls occurs after the female Oedipus complex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both boys and girls go through a latency stage from birth until puberty.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Masturbation is considered a universal act during the phallic stage of development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parents' attempts to suppress sexual activity in children can lead to dormant psychosexual development during the latency stage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The castration complex for boys is similar to the penis envy experienced by girls.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The latency stage can be influenced by a child's personal experiences of punishment for sexual activities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the latency period, the sexual drive is completely absent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During puberty, adolescents redirect their sexual energy towards another person rather than self.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Repression is considered the most basic defense mechanism, relevant to other defense mechanisms.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the genital period, girls continue to see the penis as a source of trauma.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud believed that repressed impulses could emerge unchanged in consciousness, leading to overwhelming anxiety.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Boys start seeing the female organ as an object of desire, rather than a source of interest, during the genital stage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compulsive behaviors result from the appropriate use of defense mechanisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reaction formation involves adopting traits that are similar to the repressed impulse's original form.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Displaced repressed drives can manifest physically, such as through symptoms like sexual impotency.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who succeed in the third psychosocial stage develop a sense of guilt and self-doubt.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fourth psychosocial stage is characterized by children developing a sense of pride in their abilities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Failure to achieve a balance in the fourth stage results in feelings of superiority.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fifth psychosocial stage occurs during the adolescence years and focuses on personal identity development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the identity vs. confusion stage, successful teens gain a weak sense of self.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proper encouragement during adolescence helps children feel insecure about their beliefs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The major theme of the third stage involves children beginning to assert control over their environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who receive little encouragement in the fourth stage are likely to become overly confident.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erikson described hope as an openness to experience without any wariness of danger.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The second stage of Erikson's theory focuses on children developing a sense of personal control and autonomy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Potty training is considered an unimportant aspect of developing a sense of autonomy in children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children who experience shaming during early development are likely to develop a strong sense of autonomy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Success in the second stage of psychosocial development results in feelings of shame and doubt.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame is essential to develop will.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the third stage of psychosocial development, children start to depend solely on adults to guide their play.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth emphasized the importance of trust in forming healthy attachments in later adulthood.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An entrepreneur demonstrates high self-efficacy by abandoning his business at the first sign of difficulty.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The locus of control can be classified as internal or external based on where an individual believes the power to change life events resides.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

People with an internal locus of control are unlikely to take responsibility for their actions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Self-efficacy can be strengthened by positive experiences and successful problem-solving.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Albert Bandura's research revealed that self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining coping behaviors in stressful situations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An individual who believes their failures are due to unfair external circumstances likely possesses an internal locus of control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taking a challenging job despite inexperience reflects high self-efficacy in an individual.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of self-efficacy implies that individuals are entirely determined by external factors in their lives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Oral-Receptive Phase

First part of the Oral phase, infants gain pleasure from sucking and their needs are easily met.

Oral Phase

Freud's first stage of development, focused on the mouth as the primary erogenous zone.

Oral-Sadistic Phase

Second part of the Oral phase, marked by behaviors like biting and cooing, focusing on exploration through mouth.

Anal Phase

Freud's second stage of development, focusing on the anus as the erogenous zone, and aggressive/excretory functions.

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Erogenous Zone

Area of the body that produces pleasure during development.

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Early Anal Period

Part of the Anal phase where children get pleasure from destroying or losing things, development of a sense of control.

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Late Anal Period

Part of the Anal phase (after early), children learn to control their bodily functions with satisfaction.

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Infantile Period

Freud's concept focusing on the first 5 years after birth, and development focusing on three stages: oral, anal, and phallic.

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Phallic Stage

A stage in psychosexual development, marked by the emergence of the Oedipus complex (for boys) and penis envy (for girls).

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Oedipus Complex

A psychoanalytic concept regarding the desire of a male child to possess their mother and see their father as a rival.

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Penis Envy

A concept in Freudian theory suggesting that girls develop a desire for a penis as they experience a perceived lack.

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Castration Anxiety

Fear in male children that they will be punished by their father for their desires toward their mothers.

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Latency Period

A period of dormant psychosexual development, typically from ages 4-5 to puberty, where sexual drive is repressed.

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Parental Suppression

Actions by parents to repress their child's sexual urges.

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Sublimation

A defense mechanism involving redirecting sexual energy into socially acceptable activities.

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Psychosexual Development

Freud's theory that a person's personality develops through various stages, with each stage relating to a specific area of the body (erogenous zones).

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Genital Period

The stage of psychosexual development where sexual energy is directed towards another person, reproduction is possible, and the genitals become the primary erogenous zone.

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Autoeroticism

The redirection of sexual energy towards oneself instead of another person.

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Repression (Defense Mechanism)

The ego's unconscious process of pushing undesirable id impulses into the unconscious.

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Unconscious

The part of the mind where repressed thoughts and feelings are stored.

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Defense Mechanisms

Normal psychological strategies used by the ego to cope with threats and undesirable impulses.

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Reaction Formation

A defense mechanism where a repressed impulse expresses itself as its opposite.

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Id Impulses

The instinctive needs and desires of a person, which are often associated with pleasure.

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Hope in Early Childhood

During infancy, children develop a sense of hope, characterized by openness to new experiences combined with a healthy wariness of potential danger.

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Importance of Trust

Trust is crucial for forming healthy attachments, influencing both childhood and adult relationships. Research by Bowlby and Ainsworth highlights its importance.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage focuses on children developing a sense of personal control and independence during early childhood.

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Potty Training's Role

Potty training plays a key role in developing autonomy, as it helps children learn to control their bodily functions, leading to feelings of self-reliance.

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Balance of Autonomy

Achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt leads to feelings of confidence and a belief in one's ability to act intentionally.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage occurs during the preschool years, where children assert their power and control through play and social interactions.

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Outcomes of Success

Successfully navigating the Initiative vs. Guilt stage leads to a sense of purpose and a willingness to take on challenges. Failure can result in feelings of guilt and inadequacy.

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Will in Psychosocial Development

Will, as described by Erikson, is the outcome of successfully balancing autonomy and initiative. It represents a belief in one's ability to act intentionally, within reason and limits.

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Self-Efficacy

The belief in your ability to succeed in a task or situation, regardless of difficulties.

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Perceived Self-Efficacy

An individual's assessment of their own capabilities, influencing their actions and goals.

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Self-Sustaining Trait

A characteristic that reinforces itself through positive experiences, like self-efficacy.

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Locus of Control

The belief about where the power to control life events lies - within yourself (internal) or outside (external).

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Internal Locus of Control

The belief that you have the power to shape your own destiny and outcomes.

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External Locus of Control

The belief that external forces, like luck or others, control your life events.

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High Self-Efficacy

A strong belief in your ability to succeed, motivating you to persevere through challenges.

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Low Self-Efficacy

A weak belief in your ability to succeed, leading to reluctance or avoidance of challenges.

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Purpose

The ego quality achieved in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage when children find a balance between asserting their will and cooperating with others.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth stage of psychosocial development, during the early school years, where children develop a sense of competence through social interactions and academic achievements.

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Competence

The ego quality achieved in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage. Children develop a belief in their ability to handle tasks and challenges.

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Identity vs. Confusion

The fifth psychosocial stage, during adolescence, where teens explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Success leads to a strong identity, while failure leads to confusion and insecurity.

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Role Confusion

The negative outcome of the Identity vs. Confusion stage. Teens struggle with their sense of identity and feel unsure about their beliefs and future.

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What is Identity?

A person's sense of self, including their values, beliefs, goals, and how they see themselves in the world.

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Independence

The ability to think and act for oneself, without excessive reliance on others.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Lesson 3 - The Self from the Psychological Perspective

  • The curious paradox is when one accepts themselves as they are, then they can change.
  • Understand the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various philosophical perspectives.
  • Students should be able to compare and contrast these perspectives and see how it has affected their life principles.
  • Identify the different ideas in psychology about the "self".
  • Create a personal definition of the "self" based on psychological definitions.
  • Analyze the effects of various factors on the formation of the "self".

Developmental Stages According to Sigmund Freud

  • Infantile period is the most crucial for personality formation (first 4-5 years of life).
  • Followed by a latency period (6-7 years) with little or no sexual growth, then a genital stage at puberty.
  • Divided into 3 phases: oral, anal, and phallic based on erogenous zones.
  • Oral Phase: infants obtain pleasure through the mouth (sucking, biting, cooing, etc.).
  • Anal Phase: anus becomes a sexually pleasurable zone during second year; characterized by satisfaction from aggressive behavior and excretory function. Early anal: destroying or losing objects. Late anal: erotic pleasure from defecating, children who grow into generous and magnanimous adults.
  • Phallic Phase: genital area is the primary erogenous zone, marked by differences between male and female development; masturbation, castration complex for boys vs. penis envy for girls.
  • Latency Period: no readily apparent sexual activity, focus on nonsexual activities; influenced by phylogenetic endowment.
  • Genital Period: puberty signals a reawakening of the sexual aim; adolescents direct sexual energy toward another person rather than themselves.

Ego Defense Mechanisms

  • Repression: Ego forces threatening feelings into the unconscious.
  • Reaction Formation: Repressed impulse becomes conscious through adopting a disguise that's opposite.
  • Displacement: Redirecting unacceptable urges onto different objects or people.
  • Fixation: Libido becomes attached to an earlier stage of development during stressful moments.
  • Regression: Retreating to a previous stage during times of stress and anxiety.
  • Projection: Attributing unwanted impulses to external objects.
  • Introjection: Incorporating the positive qualities of another person into one's self-concept.
  • Sublimation: Repressing the genital aim of Eros by replacing it with a cultural or social aim.
  • Rationalization: Explaining actions or justifying desires to protect the ego from embarrassment.

Psychosocial Theory of Development by Erik Erikson

  • Ego develops throughout the various stages of life.
  • Each stage has a conflict between a syntonic (harmonious) and dystonic (disruptive) element.
  • Trust vs. Mistrust: (Infant & Toddler Years). Successful development leads to hope and a sense of security. Conversely, failure leads to mistrust.
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: (Toddler Years). Successful resolution creates will; failure yields shame & doubt.
  • Initiative vs. Guilt: (Preschool Years). Success = purpose; failure = guilt.
  • Industry vs. Inferiority: (School Years). Success = competence; failure = inferiority.
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion: (Adolescent Years). Success = fidelity, failure = role confusion.
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation: (Young Adulthood). Success = love; failure = isolation.
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation: (Middle Adulthood). Success = care; failure = stagnation.
  • Integrity vs. Despair: (Late Adulthood). Success = wisdom; failure = despair.

Self-Concept by Carl Rogers

  • Organized set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
  • Influenced by past experiences and interpretations.
  • Self-schemas include past experiences, personality, abilities, physical features, social roles.
  • Ideal self: person we want to be.
  • Real self: who we actually are.
  • Congruence: alignment of ideal and real self. High self-esteem results.
  • Incongruence: disparity between the ideal and real self. Low self-esteem results.

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Explore the concept of the 'self' from psychological perspectives and the impact of various developmental stages as outlined by Sigmund Freud. This quiz covers key ideas about self-representation, personality formation, and critical phases of childhood development. Analyze how these concepts relate to your life and personal definition of the 'self'.

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