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Freud divided the infantile period into two phases: the oral and the anal.
Freud divided the infantile period into two phases: the oral and the anal.
False
During the oral phase, infants primarily gain pleasure through the act of sucking.
During the oral phase, infants primarily gain pleasure through the act of sucking.
True
The anal phase reaches its full development during the first year of life.
The anal phase reaches its full development during the first year of life.
False
In the oral-sadistic period, infants can express themselves through biting and crying.
In the oral-sadistic period, infants can express themselves through biting and crying.
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In the early anal period, children derive satisfaction by hoarding objects.
In the early anal period, children derive satisfaction by hoarding objects.
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Freud believed that infants do not experience any frustration or anxiety during the initial oral phase.
Freud believed that infants do not experience any frustration or anxiety during the initial oral phase.
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The sadistic-anal phase allows for pleasure derived from excretory functions.
The sadistic-anal phase allows for pleasure derived from excretory functions.
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The mouth is the last organ to develop in terms of providing pleasure to infants.
The mouth is the last organ to develop in terms of providing pleasure to infants.
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During the phallic stage, boys experience castration anxiety after the Oedipus complex.
During the phallic stage, boys experience castration anxiety after the Oedipus complex.
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Penis envy in girls occurs after the female Oedipus complex.
Penis envy in girls occurs after the female Oedipus complex.
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Both boys and girls go through a latency stage from birth until puberty.
Both boys and girls go through a latency stage from birth until puberty.
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Masturbation is considered a universal act during the phallic stage of development.
Masturbation is considered a universal act during the phallic stage of development.
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Parents' attempts to suppress sexual activity in children can lead to dormant psychosexual development during the latency stage.
Parents' attempts to suppress sexual activity in children can lead to dormant psychosexual development during the latency stage.
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The castration complex for boys is similar to the penis envy experienced by girls.
The castration complex for boys is similar to the penis envy experienced by girls.
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The latency stage can be influenced by a child's personal experiences of punishment for sexual activities.
The latency stage can be influenced by a child's personal experiences of punishment for sexual activities.
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During the latency period, the sexual drive is completely absent.
During the latency period, the sexual drive is completely absent.
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During puberty, adolescents redirect their sexual energy towards another person rather than self.
During puberty, adolescents redirect their sexual energy towards another person rather than self.
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Repression is considered the most basic defense mechanism, relevant to other defense mechanisms.
Repression is considered the most basic defense mechanism, relevant to other defense mechanisms.
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During the genital period, girls continue to see the penis as a source of trauma.
During the genital period, girls continue to see the penis as a source of trauma.
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Freud believed that repressed impulses could emerge unchanged in consciousness, leading to overwhelming anxiety.
Freud believed that repressed impulses could emerge unchanged in consciousness, leading to overwhelming anxiety.
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Boys start seeing the female organ as an object of desire, rather than a source of interest, during the genital stage.
Boys start seeing the female organ as an object of desire, rather than a source of interest, during the genital stage.
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Compulsive behaviors result from the appropriate use of defense mechanisms.
Compulsive behaviors result from the appropriate use of defense mechanisms.
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Reaction formation involves adopting traits that are similar to the repressed impulse's original form.
Reaction formation involves adopting traits that are similar to the repressed impulse's original form.
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Displaced repressed drives can manifest physically, such as through symptoms like sexual impotency.
Displaced repressed drives can manifest physically, such as through symptoms like sexual impotency.
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Children who succeed in the third psychosocial stage develop a sense of guilt and self-doubt.
Children who succeed in the third psychosocial stage develop a sense of guilt and self-doubt.
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The fourth psychosocial stage is characterized by children developing a sense of pride in their abilities.
The fourth psychosocial stage is characterized by children developing a sense of pride in their abilities.
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Failure to achieve a balance in the fourth stage results in feelings of superiority.
Failure to achieve a balance in the fourth stage results in feelings of superiority.
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The fifth psychosocial stage occurs during the adolescence years and focuses on personal identity development.
The fifth psychosocial stage occurs during the adolescence years and focuses on personal identity development.
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In the identity vs. confusion stage, successful teens gain a weak sense of self.
In the identity vs. confusion stage, successful teens gain a weak sense of self.
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Proper encouragement during adolescence helps children feel insecure about their beliefs.
Proper encouragement during adolescence helps children feel insecure about their beliefs.
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The major theme of the third stage involves children beginning to assert control over their environment.
The major theme of the third stage involves children beginning to assert control over their environment.
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Children who receive little encouragement in the fourth stage are likely to become overly confident.
Children who receive little encouragement in the fourth stage are likely to become overly confident.
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Erikson described hope as an openness to experience without any wariness of danger.
Erikson described hope as an openness to experience without any wariness of danger.
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The second stage of Erikson's theory focuses on children developing a sense of personal control and autonomy.
The second stage of Erikson's theory focuses on children developing a sense of personal control and autonomy.
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Potty training is considered an unimportant aspect of developing a sense of autonomy in children.
Potty training is considered an unimportant aspect of developing a sense of autonomy in children.
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Children who experience shaming during early development are likely to develop a strong sense of autonomy.
Children who experience shaming during early development are likely to develop a strong sense of autonomy.
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Success in the second stage of psychosocial development results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Success in the second stage of psychosocial development results in feelings of shame and doubt.
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Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame is essential to develop will.
Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame is essential to develop will.
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In the third stage of psychosocial development, children start to depend solely on adults to guide their play.
In the third stage of psychosocial development, children start to depend solely on adults to guide their play.
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John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth emphasized the importance of trust in forming healthy attachments in later adulthood.
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth emphasized the importance of trust in forming healthy attachments in later adulthood.
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An entrepreneur demonstrates high self-efficacy by abandoning his business at the first sign of difficulty.
An entrepreneur demonstrates high self-efficacy by abandoning his business at the first sign of difficulty.
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The locus of control can be classified as internal or external based on where an individual believes the power to change life events resides.
The locus of control can be classified as internal or external based on where an individual believes the power to change life events resides.
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People with an internal locus of control are unlikely to take responsibility for their actions.
People with an internal locus of control are unlikely to take responsibility for their actions.
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Self-efficacy can be strengthened by positive experiences and successful problem-solving.
Self-efficacy can be strengthened by positive experiences and successful problem-solving.
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Albert Bandura's research revealed that self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining coping behaviors in stressful situations.
Albert Bandura's research revealed that self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining coping behaviors in stressful situations.
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An individual who believes their failures are due to unfair external circumstances likely possesses an internal locus of control.
An individual who believes their failures are due to unfair external circumstances likely possesses an internal locus of control.
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Taking a challenging job despite inexperience reflects high self-efficacy in an individual.
Taking a challenging job despite inexperience reflects high self-efficacy in an individual.
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The concept of self-efficacy implies that individuals are entirely determined by external factors in their lives.
The concept of self-efficacy implies that individuals are entirely determined by external factors in their lives.
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: Lesson 3 - The Self from the Psychological Perspective
- The curious paradox is when one accepts themselves as they are, then they can change.
- Understand the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various philosophical perspectives.
- Students should be able to compare and contrast these perspectives and see how it has affected their life principles.
- Identify the different ideas in psychology about the "self".
- Create a personal definition of the "self" based on psychological definitions.
- Analyze the effects of various factors on the formation of the "self".
Developmental Stages According to Sigmund Freud
- Infantile period is the most crucial for personality formation (first 4-5 years of life).
- Followed by a latency period (6-7 years) with little or no sexual growth, then a genital stage at puberty.
- Divided into 3 phases: oral, anal, and phallic based on erogenous zones.
- Oral Phase: infants obtain pleasure through the mouth (sucking, biting, cooing, etc.).
- Anal Phase: anus becomes a sexually pleasurable zone during second year; characterized by satisfaction from aggressive behavior and excretory function. Early anal: destroying or losing objects. Late anal: erotic pleasure from defecating, children who grow into generous and magnanimous adults.
- Phallic Phase: genital area is the primary erogenous zone, marked by differences between male and female development; masturbation, castration complex for boys vs. penis envy for girls.
- Latency Period: no readily apparent sexual activity, focus on nonsexual activities; influenced by phylogenetic endowment.
- Genital Period: puberty signals a reawakening of the sexual aim; adolescents direct sexual energy toward another person rather than themselves.
Ego Defense Mechanisms
- Repression: Ego forces threatening feelings into the unconscious.
- Reaction Formation: Repressed impulse becomes conscious through adopting a disguise that's opposite.
- Displacement: Redirecting unacceptable urges onto different objects or people.
- Fixation: Libido becomes attached to an earlier stage of development during stressful moments.
- Regression: Retreating to a previous stage during times of stress and anxiety.
- Projection: Attributing unwanted impulses to external objects.
- Introjection: Incorporating the positive qualities of another person into one's self-concept.
- Sublimation: Repressing the genital aim of Eros by replacing it with a cultural or social aim.
- Rationalization: Explaining actions or justifying desires to protect the ego from embarrassment.
Psychosocial Theory of Development by Erik Erikson
- Ego develops throughout the various stages of life.
- Each stage has a conflict between a syntonic (harmonious) and dystonic (disruptive) element.
- Trust vs. Mistrust: (Infant & Toddler Years). Successful development leads to hope and a sense of security. Conversely, failure leads to mistrust.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: (Toddler Years). Successful resolution creates will; failure yields shame & doubt.
- Initiative vs. Guilt: (Preschool Years). Success = purpose; failure = guilt.
- Industry vs. Inferiority: (School Years). Success = competence; failure = inferiority.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion: (Adolescent Years). Success = fidelity, failure = role confusion.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation: (Young Adulthood). Success = love; failure = isolation.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation: (Middle Adulthood). Success = care; failure = stagnation.
- Integrity vs. Despair: (Late Adulthood). Success = wisdom; failure = despair.
Self-Concept by Carl Rogers
- Organized set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
- Influenced by past experiences and interpretations.
- Self-schemas include past experiences, personality, abilities, physical features, social roles.
- Ideal self: person we want to be.
- Real self: who we actually are.
- Congruence: alignment of ideal and real self. High self-esteem results.
- Incongruence: disparity between the ideal and real self. Low self-esteem results.
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Description
Explore the concept of the 'self' from psychological perspectives and the impact of various developmental stages as outlined by Sigmund Freud. This quiz covers key ideas about self-representation, personality formation, and critical phases of childhood development. Analyze how these concepts relate to your life and personal definition of the 'self'.
