Psychology Learning Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are primary drives according to Hull's theory?

Fundamental drives arising from biological needs (correct)

Drives that arise only in social contexts

Drives that are exclusively psychological

Drives learned through experience

According to Guthrie's Law of Contiguity, what is essential for a movement to be followed by that movement again?

A conscious effort to repeat the behavior

A combination of stimuli that previously accompanied the movement (correct)

A reflection of personal intent

Emotional engagement with the movement

What is the primary focus of the modular approach to learning?

The competition between different learning methods

The connection between stimuli and responses (correct)

The emotional states of individuals while learning

The innate characteristics of learners

What does the term 'contiguity' refer to in learning?

The continuous occurrence of events together Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'drive-reducing response'?

Responses that eliminate biological needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of information processing theory?

How learners perceive and think about new information Signup and view all the answers

How do prior knowledge and beliefs influence learning according to the information processing theory?

They enhance the ability to construct meaning and solve problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes learned behavior?

It involves a series of movements based on past experiences. Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's experiment, which condition resulted in the children being praised for aggressive behavior?

Model reward condition Signup and view all the answers

In the context of associative learning, what is the role of repetition?

It aids in the strengthening of stimulus-response associations. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior was more commonly exhibited by boys in Bandura's experiment?

Imitative responses matching the model's behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does motivation do in the context of behavior?

It provides direction to behavior toward achieving goals. Signup and view all the answers

What step involves paying attention to learning according to Bandura's steps of observational learning?

Attention or acquisition Signup and view all the answers

What was a conclusion regarding the role of positive incentives in Bandura's study?

They resulted in equal levels of learning across all groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of Bandura's modeling process?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the findings regarding gender differences in Bandura's observational learning experiment?

Girls were more influenced by the model's rewards than boys Signup and view all the answers

What IQ range is associated with Mild Mental Retardation?

50-70 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mental retardation is characterized by needing nursing care and being totally dependent?

Profound Signup and view all the answers

According to the studies mentioned, how do gifted individuals generally perform in adult life compared to the general population?

They have better vocational success. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion from studies on twins and family regarding intelligence?

Heredity and environment contribute equally. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep does REM sleep begin?

Stage four Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that sleep provides rest to recover from daily activities?

Recuperative Theory Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur with melatonin hormones throughout the day?

Melatonin is abundant in the morning and decreases as waking approaches. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the population classified as mentally deficient or feeble-minded?

3-5% Signup and view all the answers

What is considered more effective for students who want to learn actively?

Attending learning sessions with full participation Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of time spent reciting the material was shown to improve learning outcomes in the study mentioned?

20% reading and 80% reciting Signup and view all the answers

Which method is identified as impractical for studying long assignments like the Bible?

The whole method Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drawback of rote learning as described in the content?

It involves memorizing unrelated information without connections Signup and view all the answers

How does vocalization impact learning, according to the research discussed?

It assists learning even in non-verbal tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between active and passive avoidance learning?

Active avoidance learning views fear as a positive variable, while passive avoids certain responses. Signup and view all the answers

According to drive reduction theory, what leads to learning?

The reduction of drive strength. Signup and view all the answers

What does incremental fear conditioning motivate an organism to do?

Retreat from the fear-arousing stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does Hull's drive reduction theory have?

It fails to explain behaviors linked to intrinsic motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'habit strength' as per Hull's Fundamental Law of Acquisition?

The bond between stimulus and response. Signup and view all the answers

In avoidance learning, what are negative events typically characterized by?

They are preferable to have absent. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding regarding fear conditioning and habit implications?

Two types of fear conditioning can be integrated. Signup and view all the answers

What do expectancy-value models of motivation take into account?

The expectancy of achieving a goal and its value. Signup and view all the answers

What does motivated forgetting refer to?

The inability to remember painful memories Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of hysterical amnesia?

Memory loss without any clear physiological cause Signup and view all the answers

Which method is suggested to improve retention and facilitate learning through practice?

Distributing study sessions over time Signup and view all the answers

What was the principle behind programmed instruction developed by Skinner?

Immediate feedback on learner's performance Signup and view all the answers

What does the sleep effect on memory retention imply?

No intervening activities enhance retention Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'organic amnesia' refer to?

Memory loss resulting from physiological factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fast reading is true?

It may lead to poorer comprehension and retention. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about whole learning compared to part learning?

Whole learning often leads to better retention than part learning. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of Mental Processes

Thinking involves the interplay of concepts, symbols, or mediating responses when presented with a stimulus. It is not a direct manipulation of objects.
Images are recollections or reconstructions of sensory experiences (sight, taste, touch, smell, sound). They can be incomplete, inaccurate, concrete, abstract, dim, or vivid, and their clarity can change over time. Eidetic imagery is a rare phenomenon, mostly seen in children.
Words are complex signs formed by letters and sounds representing and symbolizing concepts, experiences, and objects.
Some psychologists (e.g., Benjamin Whorf) believe language shapes perception and thought. Language determines how we view the world.
Concepts are categories for classifying people, things, or events based on common characteristics.
Rote rehearsal is a simple method for holding information in short-term memory. Information is transferred to long-term memory through elaborate rehearsal processes.
Coding is the abbreviation or compression of information. Long-term memory has high capacity to store information. Information is organized and indexed based on meaning, sound, or visual cues.

Memory Strategies and Tactics

Rote rehearsal is effective for short-term storage and involves repeating items several times.
Mnemonic devices use systems to organize information for easier retrieval: rhyme, acronyms, and acrostics; method of loci, keyword method.
Rote rehearsal is a simple method for holding information in short-term memory.

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of drawing information from memory. It is more direct from long-term memory than from short-term memory.
Cueing is a way of retrieving missing information. Effective organization of categories in memory increases the likelihood of finding desired information.

Forgetting

Trace decay theory suggests that the strength of memory traces weakens over time.
Interference theory suggests that forgetting occurs because other information interferes with the retrieval of stored information (proactive and retroactive).

Drive Reduction Theory

Hull's drive reduction theory posits that responses are reinforced when drive strength decreases, and that learning occurs in response to reward.
The limitation of drive reduction theory is that it does not account for intrinsic motivation or cognitive aspects of motivation.

Motivation and Learning

Rewarded responses are "stamped in", meaning that they become stronger. Unrewarded responses are "stamped out".
Intrinsic rewards are those related to doing well in college or gaining knowledge.
Extrinsic rewards are those based on external incentives like medals or report cards.
Rewards are more effective when motivating students to learn actively.

Measurement of Learning Performance

Learning cannot be seen directly; observable behavior changes indicate learning.
Accuracy, speed, strength, and probability of desired responses increase as learning progresses.

Drugs Affecting the Brain

Different drugs affect the brain in various ways, some causing euphoria, increased sense of humor, increased imagery, distortions of time, and in severe cases psychosis. Drugs like heroin, amphetamines, and cocaine can lead to dependence. Psychoactive drugs can cause hallucinations, physical and emotional damage.

Memory

Memory is the function of retention, holding onto events and information.
Recall involves the reproduction of learned materials.
Recognition involves identifying learned materials.
Savings represent the difference between learning and relearning.
Memory involves three levels: Sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Short-term memory is a limited capacity system to hold and process information, while long-term memory has a vast capacity to store information.
Interference (proactive & retroactive) can impede memory processes.

Types of Learning

Associative learning focuses on connecting stimuli/responses, e.g., classical conditioning.
Modeling effect: Acquiring a new response after observing a model.
Inhibitory effect: Suppressing a behavior after observing a model's punishment.
Disinhibitory effect: Performing a behavior after observing a model's rewarded behavior.

Problem Solving

Problem solving utilizes past experiences, information, and learned methodologies.
Effective problem-solving can be enhanced using strategies like working backward, setting sub-goals, assessing alternatives, and avoiding "functional fixedness".
Problem solving involves identifying givens, operations, and goals and utilizing operations on givens to reach the desired goal.
Attention span and emotional states like anxiety and frustration can impede problem-solving.

Attention

Attention is crucial for learning. Relevant stimuli are attended to, while irrelevant ones are ignored.
Interest is key in helping learners focus on important learning materials.
Attention can be improved through engaging teaching and activities that are relevant to student interests.

Observational Learning Experiment

Children observed adults behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll.
In the reward condition, witnessing aggression being rewarded encouraged aggressive behavior.
In the punished condition, witnessing aggression being punished showed a decrease in aggressive behavior.
Reinforcement strengthened aggressive behaviors; punishment weakened them.
Boys were more motivated by the rewarded model; girls by the model and the reward.

Multiple Intelligences

Gardner's theory suggests that intelligence is not unitary but comprises various, independent types.
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligences are distinct, though interacting, forms of ability.
Recognizing and utilizing multiple intelligences in education can lead to diverse and effective teaching and learning methods.

Hypnosis and States of Consciousness

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
Individuals susceptible to hypnosis can experience automatic responses to suggestions, while others are resistant.
Hypnotic susceptibility is linked to traits like vivid fantasy, a desire for direction, and belief in the power of suggestion.

Dreams and States of Consciousness

Dreams can reflect unconscious wishes and desires or be random brain activity.
Altered states of consciousness (ASC) differ from normal awareness, involving shifts in perception and cognition.

Programmed Instruction

Programmed instruction presents material in small, step-by-step units.
This allows learners to actively participate in the learning process.
Spaced learning (distributing learning over time) can be more effective than massed learning.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from various learning theories in psychology, including Hull's drive theory, Guthrie's Law of Contiguity, and Bandura's observational learning. This quiz will explore the fundamental principles that govern learning behavior and motivation. Prepare to challenge your understanding of these psychological frameworks!