Questions and Answers
How do psychologists define learning?
Acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.
What is conditioning?
Learning associations.
What is the term for a sound that frightens Jordan when he hears it?
Stimulus.
What behavior does classical conditioning primarily involve?
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What are voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing outcomes called?
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What is the acquisition of mental information by observing events called?
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What is learning specific behaviors by watching others known as?
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What type of learning involves associating two stimuli?
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In classical conditioning, what is a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning called?
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In Pavlov's experiments, what triggered the dog's salivation?
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What illustrates the concept of associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus?
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What is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after time called?
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What does it mean if your heart races when approached by a lion but not a kitten?
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What can demonstrate how specific fears may be produced?
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Shaping is an ________ procedure.
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What is any stimulus that strengthens a response when presented after it called?
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What is any stimulus that strengthens a response when removed after it called?
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A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a _______ reinforcer.
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What illustrates how slot machines reward gamblers?
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A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) ______.
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A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) ______.
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What is taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver intended to serve as?
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What may the use of physical punishment lead to?
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What did the views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimate?
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What occurs when chemotherapy triggers nausea in cancer patients?
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Study Notes
Definition of Learning
- Learning is the process of acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors.
Conditioning
- Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between events.
Stimuli
- A stimulus is any event that elicits a response; for example, a train whistle can provoke fear.
Respondent Behavior
- Classically conditioned habits involve respondent behavior, which is behavior that occurs as a reflex to certain stimuli.
Operant Behaviors
- Voluntary actions impacting the environment that yield rewarding or punishing outcomes are termed operant behaviors.
Cognitive Learning
- Cognitive learning involves acquiring mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language, rather than direct experience.
Observational Learning
- Learning behaviors by observing others perform them is known as observational learning.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning is learning to associate two stimuli to anticipate events.
Neutral Stimulus
- An initially neutral stimulus does not elicit any response before it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response
- In the context of Pavlov's experiments, salivation triggered by the taste of food is an unconditioned response.
Higher-Order Conditioning
- Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second, often weaker conditioned stimulus, illustrating higher-order conditioning.
Spontaneous Recovery
- Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time lapse.
Discrimination
- Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between different stimuli, illustrated by a heart racing in response to a lion but not a kitten.
Fear Conditioning
- The study of Little Albert by Watson and Rayner showed that specific fears can be produced through classical conditioning.
Shaping
- Shaping is a procedural method used in operant conditioning for developing new behaviors.
Reinforcement
- A positive reinforcer strengthens responses when presented after a response, while a negative reinforcer strengthens responses when removed after a response.
Conditioned Reinforcer
- A conditioned reinforcer acquires its reinforcing power by being associated with a primary reinforcer.
Partial Reinforcement
- The way slot machines reward players exemplifies partial reinforcement, leading to persistence in behavior.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
- A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement delivers rewards after a specified number of responses.
Fixed-Interval Schedule
- A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement provides rewards after a specified time period elapses.
Negative Punishment
- Taking away a driver's license from a reckless teen serves as a form of negative punishment to discourage undesirable behavior.
Effects of Physical Punishment
- Physical punishment may suppress undesirable behavior, model aggression, and instill a fear of the punishing agent.
Cognitive Processes in Learning
- The learning theories by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson overlooked the significance of cognitive processes in understanding learning.
Classical Conditioning in Medical Settings
- Cancer patients may develop conditioned nausea responses to stimuli associated with chemotherapy, illustrating classical conditioning effects.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of learning in psychology including conditioning, stimuli, and different types of behavior. This quiz covers topics such as classical conditioning, operant behaviors, and cognitive learning strategies. Test your understanding of how these concepts interrelate in the field of psychology.
