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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is associated with the true self as proposed by Winnicott?
Which characteristic is associated with the true self as proposed by Winnicott?
How does the false self primarily develop according to Winnicott's theory?
How does the false self primarily develop according to Winnicott's theory?
What is essential for living a fulfilled life according to Winnicott?
What is essential for living a fulfilled life according to Winnicott?
What effect does the false self have on an individual's emotional state over time?
What effect does the false self have on an individual's emotional state over time?
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Which option best describes the dynamic between true and false self in Winnicott's theory?
Which option best describes the dynamic between true and false self in Winnicott's theory?
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Which aspect is NOT a characteristic of the true self as per Winnicott's framework?
Which aspect is NOT a characteristic of the true self as per Winnicott's framework?
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According to Winnicott, what crucial factor contributes to the development of the true self?
According to Winnicott, what crucial factor contributes to the development of the true self?
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In terms of psychological development, what is the primary function of the false self?
In terms of psychological development, what is the primary function of the false self?
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Which defense mechanism involves creating plausible explanations to justify a behavior that conflicts with personal values?
Which defense mechanism involves creating plausible explanations to justify a behavior that conflicts with personal values?
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What term describes the behavior of reverting to earlier stages of psychological development in response to stress?
What term describes the behavior of reverting to earlier stages of psychological development in response to stress?
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Which part of the superego includes our internalized moral standards derived from parents and society?
Which part of the superego includes our internalized moral standards derived from parents and society?
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In what psychological context does the term 'self-actualization' primarily apply?
In what psychological context does the term 'self-actualization' primarily apply?
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What concept refers to the gap between one's actual self and their ideal self?
What concept refers to the gap between one's actual self and their ideal self?
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What is the primary role of the ego according to the discussed theories?
What is the primary role of the ego according to the discussed theories?
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Which outcome is likely when the id dominates an individual's behavior?
Which outcome is likely when the id dominates an individual's behavior?
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In the context of financial decision-making, what does the superego advocate for?
In the context of financial decision-making, what does the superego advocate for?
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What psychological aspect is primarily focused on in self-actualization theory?
What psychological aspect is primarily focused on in self-actualization theory?
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How might an overly dominant superego affect an individual’s personality?
How might an overly dominant superego affect an individual’s personality?
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What is likely to happen if there is a significant imbalance favoring the ego?
What is likely to happen if there is a significant imbalance favoring the ego?
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Which of the following describes the concept of the ideal self?
Which of the following describes the concept of the ideal self?
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What behavior may arise due to the absence of a well-balanced ego in a personality?
What behavior may arise due to the absence of a well-balanced ego in a personality?
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How does the id contribute to relationship conflicts according to the discussed theories?
How does the id contribute to relationship conflicts according to the discussed theories?
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Which aspect of William James' theory refers to the part of the self that is linked to a person's thoughts and awareness?
Which aspect of William James' theory refers to the part of the self that is linked to a person's thoughts and awareness?
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Which dimension of the Me-Self encompasses the tangible aspects that a person possesses or identifies with?
Which dimension of the Me-Self encompasses the tangible aspects that a person possesses or identifies with?
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According to Carl Rogers, which term describes the inherent drive within humans to realize their full potential?
According to Carl Rogers, which term describes the inherent drive within humans to realize their full potential?
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The aspect of the self that encompasses a person's fundamental beliefs, traits, and conscience is considered which dimension?
The aspect of the self that encompasses a person's fundamental beliefs, traits, and conscience is considered which dimension?
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Which of the following statements best defines the concept of self-actualization in Rogers' theory?
Which of the following statements best defines the concept of self-actualization in Rogers' theory?
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In James' dual concept of self, what is the primary distinction between the 'I' and 'Me' selves?
In James' dual concept of self, what is the primary distinction between the 'I' and 'Me' selves?
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Which of the following describes self-efficacy within the context of human agency?
Which of the following describes self-efficacy within the context of human agency?
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The difference between a person's real self and ideal self is primarily described by which of the following terms?
The difference between a person's real self and ideal self is primarily described by which of the following terms?
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What is a key characteristic of the Social Self as described by William James?
What is a key characteristic of the Social Self as described by William James?
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What is self-actualization primarily driven by according to Carl Rogers?
What is self-actualization primarily driven by according to Carl Rogers?
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Which statement most accurately reflects the concept of congruence in Rogers' theory?
Which statement most accurately reflects the concept of congruence in Rogers' theory?
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What role does unconditional positive regard play in Rogers’ concept of self-actualization?
What role does unconditional positive regard play in Rogers’ concept of self-actualization?
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According to Rogers, what is likely to occur when individuals experience conditional positive regard?
According to Rogers, what is likely to occur when individuals experience conditional positive regard?
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How is human agency defined by Albert Bandura?
How is human agency defined by Albert Bandura?
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What condition must be satisfied in order for self-actualization to occur in Rogers' theory?
What condition must be satisfied in order for self-actualization to occur in Rogers' theory?
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In the context of self theory, what does the term 'ideal self' refer to?
In the context of self theory, what does the term 'ideal self' refer to?
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What impact does high congruence have on a person's life, according to Rogers?
What impact does high congruence have on a person's life, according to Rogers?
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What does Rogers suggest happens when a child only receives love based on meeting certain conditions?
What does Rogers suggest happens when a child only receives love based on meeting certain conditions?
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Which of the following best describes the essence of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
Which of the following best describes the essence of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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Study Notes
Psychology: Introduction
- Psychology is the study of human behavior and mental processes.
Goals of Psychology
- Describe: Observing and recording a person's actions.
- Explain: Determining why a person behaves a certain way.
- Predict: Anticipating future behavior.
- Modify: Altering or changing behavior.
Areas of Study in Psychology
- Development and maturation across life stages, including consciousness, memory, and reasoning.
- How individuals and their environment interact to shape personality, thoughts, behavior, and feelings.
- Mental health, mental illness, character strengths, coping mechanisms, happiness, and well-being.
William James (Me-Self & I-Self)
- Considered a highly influential psychologist and philosopher of the 20th century, often called the "father of American psychology."
- Introduced the concept of the "I-Self" which is the thinking self, linking it to the mind/soul, and something that can't be further divided.
- Created the concept of the "Me-Self”, a separate object or individual, with experiences, broken down further into material, social, and spiritual selves.
Three Dimensions of the Me-Self
- Material Self: Possessions and physical characteristics, like body, family, and clothes.
- Social Self: How individuals view themselves in different social situations. Behavior changes in different social contexts.
- Spiritual Self: Core of the person; includes values, beliefs, and personality, that is most inherent compared to the other two selves.
Carl Rogers (Self-Actualization)
- (1902-1987) A humanistic psychologist, known for his work on the therapeutic relationship, personality theory, and self-actualization.
- Proposed that human beings are inherently driven toward growth and fulfilling their potential, this is referred to as "actualization tendency".
- Differentiated between real self and ideal self.
Real and Ideal Self
- Real Self: A person's actual qualities and characteristics. The person as they currently are.
- Ideal Self: A person's concept of how they want to be or become in their life.
Achieving Congruence
- Rogers emphasized the importance of congruence, or consistency, between the real self and the ideal self.
- High congruence is associated with a greater sense of self-worth, health, and productivity.
Conditional and Unconditional Positive Regard
- Positive regard from others is essential for self-actualization, but this regard should be unconditional.
- If positive regard is contingent on specific behavior, self-actualization can be hindered.
Albert Bandura (Human Agency)
- Influential social cognitive psychologist known for social learning theory, self-efficacy, and human agency.
- Defined human agency as humans' ability to influence their functioning and experiences through their actions.
- Proposed four core features of human agency: Intentionality, Forethought, Self-reactiveness, and Self-reflectiveness.
Four Core Properties of Human Agency
- Intentionality: Acting intentionally with known outcomes.
- Forethought: Anticipating future outcomes and planning accordingly.
- Self-reactiveness: Adapting actions according to feedback and consequences..
- Self-reflectiveness: Reflecting on one's thoughts, actions, and experiences.
Sigmund Freud (ID, Ego, & Superego)
- Father of psychoanalysis, an Austrian physician, neurologist, and psychologist.
- Proposed a theory of personality composed of three structural elements: the id, ego, and superego.
Three Elements of Personality
- Id: The primitive, instinctual part of personality seeking immediate gratification and avoiding pain. Driven by the pleasure principle.
- Ego: The rational part of the personality that mediates between the id and the external world. Driven by the reality principle.
- Superego: The internalized moral standards of society, and parents, holding a sense of right and wrong.
Defense Mechanisms
- Psychological strategies the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety arising from conflicts between the id and superego as well as external factors. Psychological protection strategies that are unconscious.
Gordon Allport (Trait Theory)
- Influential American psychologist who introduced trait theory to understand individual differences in personality.
- Proposed that individuals possess enduring dispositions (traits) that affect their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors consistently across different situations.
Three Levels of Traits
- Cardinal Traits: Rare, pervasive, and dominating forces in a person's behavior, shaping their identity.
- Central Traits: General characteristics that form the building blocks of personality and influence behavior consistently across different situations.
- Secondary Traits: Specific and situational characteristics that are less consistent and only manifest in certain situations and contexts.
Donald Woods Winnicott (True and False Self)
- British pediatrician and psychoanalyst, known for his work on child development, object relations theory.
- Proponent of the true and false self theory. Emphasized that the self develops along with the authentic sense of self and the defensive persona.
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Description
Explore the basics of psychology, including its goals, areas of study, and key contributions from influential psychologists like William James. This quiz will help you understand the foundational concepts that shape human behavior and mental processes.
