Introduction to Psychology: The Self
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What does the term 'true self' refer to in the context of personality?

  • The conscious choices made in daily life
  • The innate characteristics that are unshaped by upbringing (correct)
  • The external image presented to others
  • The persona created to fit into society

    • William James conceptualized the self as having which of the following two aspects?

  • The 'I' and the 'me' (correct)
  • The active self and the passive self
  • The emotional self and the rational self
  • The public self and the private self

    • What is the main characteristic of the 'false self'?

  • It consists of behaviors that reflect one's true desires
  • It embodies the internal beliefs one genuinely holds
  • It represents the individual's true nature and essence
  • It involves repressed feelings and adapted behaviors (correct)

    • Which type of self is described as your internal standards and thoughts?

    <p>Private self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychological concepts, what determines which 'wolf' wins within an individual?

    <p>The behaviors that the individual chooses to nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'I' represent in Mead's concept of self?

    <p>The thinking, acting, and feeling self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the 'me' according to William James?

    <p>It represents individuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-image primarily consist of?

    <p>Physical description, social roles, and personal traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to William James, how can individuals alter their lives?

    <p>By altering their attitudes of the mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'self-schema' refer to?

    <p>An individual's organized knowledge about themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the 'ideal self'?

    <p>It represents how one wants to be and is influenced by experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'ought self' related to?

    <p>Perceived responsibilities and societal standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Carl Rogers view optimism in relation to pessimism?

    <p>Optimism varies with perception of people vs. world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of self does the 'I' emphasize according to Rogers?

    <p>The decision-making and acting self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is incongruence in the context of self-concept?

    <p>A mismatch between ideal self and actual experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mead's framework, how is the 'me' acquired?

    <p>Via social interactions and reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-actualization is primarily concerned with what aspect of an individual?

    <p>Attaining maximum potential and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Social Comparison Theory, social comparison is important for understanding what?

    <p>Our social status and behavior appropriateness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between the 'I' and 'me'?

    <p>The 'I' is the actor while the 'me' reflects the actor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes downward social comparison?

    <p>Recognizing one's strengths in relation to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is self-esteem defined in this context?

    <p>The extent to which we value and approve of ourselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is upward social comparison primarily associated with?

    <p>Feeling lower self-esteem due to highlighted weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT a typical response when someone outperforms you in a competitive area?

    <p>Encouraging them to continue their success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)?

    <p>Accepting and supporting individuals without judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, what can be a reaction to feeling threatened by a close person's success?

    <p>Changing your friendship dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the private self consist of?

    <p>Internal standards and personal thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines 'self-concept'?

    <p>How one thinks about or perceives oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feeling can be exacerbated by excessive self-consciousness?

    <p>Agitation and dejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does identity influence an individual?

    <p>It combines personal characteristics and social roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a person do if they get outperformed in a skill and still want to maintain self-esteem?

    <p>Seek to improve and practice more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the existential self refer to?

    <p>Recognizing one's uniqueness among others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'real self' in self-concept theory?

    <p>How one thinks, feels, looks, and acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a category identified by Carver and Scheier regarding awareness of self?

    <p>The Inner self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive outcome from successful upward social comparison for some individuals?

    <p>Increased motivation to succeed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about self and identity is true?

    <p>Both self and identity are not fixed and can change over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates how self-concept can change over time?

    <p>Referring to oneself as a former academic achiever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the categorical self-concept?

    <p>Concentrating on visible and objective characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the loss of individual self-awareness in large groups?

    <p>Deindividuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, what contributes to the formation of the individual human mind?

    <p>Social and cultural forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud proposed that dreams serve what primary function?

    <p>Expressing unconscious wishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components that Freud identified as part of human personality?

    <p>Id, Ego, Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud suggested mental disorders might be caused by which of the following?

    <p>Psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of 'socialization' entail according to Freud?

    <p>An internal and external learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deindividuation can lead to individuals acting in ways they typically wouldn't. What primarily contributes to this effect in large crowds?

    <p>Anonymity and emotional attunement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'libidinal urges' refer to in Freud’s theories?

    <p>Sexual drives and desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Psychology examines the physiological aspects, focusing on physical processes, and the cognitive processes, concerning thought.
    • It investigates the "who" and "what" of individuals, delves into the "why" of actions and thoughts, and explores individual potential.
    • Psychology investigates behaviors and mental processes.
    • It aims to provide insights into one's own behaviors and understanding.

    The Self (Psychological Perspective)

    • The self is defined as a sense of personal identity and understanding of oneself.
    • Self-identity is how an individual perceives themselves and how others perceive them.
    • Self-identity is a dynamic and evolving aspect, changing throughout life.
    • Self-representation plays a significant role in socio-emotional development.

    William James's Theory of the Self

    • William James proposed the self consists of two aspects: "I" and "me".
    • The "I" is the active, thinking, feeling self.
    • The "me" is the observed self, encompassing physical and psychological characteristics.
    • The "I" responds to the "me" by considering external attitudes.

    Carl Rogers's Theory of the Self

    • Carl Rogers used similar "I" and "me" concepts.
    • The "I" represents the active decision-making self.
    • The "me" is shaped by self-reflection and perceptions.
    • Self-schemas are organized systems of self-knowledge.

    Self-Concept and Self-Schemas

    • Self-concept encompasses how individuals perceive themselves (real self).
    • It also includes the ideal self (who individuals aspire to be).
    • Self-schemas include physical attributes, social roles, personal traits, and beliefs.

    Social Comparison Theory

    • Social comparison involves evaluating oneself in relation to others.
    • Downward social comparison involves comparing oneself to others worse off, potentially boosting self-esteem.
    • Upward social comparison involves comparing to individuals who are better off, which may result in lower self-esteem.

    Self-Esteem and Self-Worth

    • These concepts concern the evaluation and acceptance of oneself.
    • Self-esteem forms through social interactions and personal evaluation.
    • A positive self-concept contributes to a well-adjusted personality while a negative one can be a source of concern.

    Self-Consciousness

    • Self-consciousness involves being acutely aware of oneself and how others perceive one's behavior. This can affect how individuals act in various social situations.
    • Individuals may act differently in crowds or large groups due to deindividuation, which refers to the loss of self-awareness in a group setting.

    Sigmund Freud's Perspective

    • Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the influence of unconscious conflicts on behavior.
    • Freud viewed the mind as having three components (id, ego, and superego) that constantly interact to influence behavior.
    • Socialization molds the individual's personality and their understanding of societal expectations.

    True Self vs. False Self

    • True self is the innate, original core of a person, uninfluenced by society or upbringing.
    • False self refers to the adaptation made to align with social expectations.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts of psychology, particularly focusing on the self and personal identity. It examines the physiological and cognitive processes involved in understanding one's behavior and self-representation. Additionally, it delves into William James's theory of the self, highlighting the distinction between the 'I' and the 'me'.

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