Psychology: Intelligence, Personality, and Morality
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Questions and Answers

What defines the prefrontal cortex primarily?

  • Granular frontal cortex (correct)
  • Sensory processing zones
  • Motor areas
  • Input from the spinal cord

Which nucleus is essential for gating information to and from the prefrontal cortex?

  • Anterior nucleus
  • Ventral nucleus
  • Dorsal-medial nucleus (correct)
  • Lateral nucleus

What percentage of the total cortex does the prefrontal cortex account for in humans?

  • 17%
  • 29% (correct)
  • 3.5%
  • 11.5%

Which part of the prefrontal cortex is sometimes referred to as the orbitofrontal cortex?

<p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fluid intelligence best defined?

<p>Ability to learn new problem-solving methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of intelligence described in the oldest theory?

<p>Crystallized and fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the prefrontal cortex receives inputs from the sensory cortices’ 'where' pathways?

<p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal has the highest percentage of prefrontal cortex compared to the total cortex?

<p>Human (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abilities are included in the concept of intelligence?

<p>Reasoning, planning, solving problems, and language use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the frontal lobes play in relation to personality?

<p>They are part of a network that influences individual differences in behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between morality and the frontal lobes?

<p>Intact frontal lobes help differentiate between right and wrong actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was once referred to as 'the silent lobes'?

<p>The frontal lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Phineas Gage and why is he significant in the study of the frontal lobes?

<p>A patient whose personality changed drastically after frontal lobe injury. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides intelligence, which other functions are associated with the frontal lobes?

<p>Motor control among others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the role of other brain areas in relation to the frontal lobes is correct?

<p>Other areas participate along with the frontal lobes in various functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are intelligence, personality, and morality related according to recent understandings?

<p>They are intricately linked and influenced by frontal lobe function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence assessment is mentioned as an example of modern intelligence assessments?

<p>Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence is highlighted as a distinct category in some theories?

<p>Socio-emotional intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain network is associated with problem solving and decision making?

<p>Task-Positive Network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain area is involved in storing short-term memory as per the content?

<p>Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC)?

<p>Bottom-up attention control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher IQ is associated with what kind of relationship between the task-positive and default mode networks?

<p>Greater anti-correlation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task is referenced for providing evidence of neural structures' functions in the task-positive network?

<p>Stroop task (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) primarily monitor?

<p>Errors in execution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area of the brain is associated with intuitive reactions to implicit moral issues?

<p>TPJ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is characterized by a loss of fluid intelligence and an inability to change plans?

<p>DLPFC syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes morality in its descriptive sense?

<p>It refers only to personal values and social codes of conduct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are commonly associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) syndrome?

<p>Euphoria to rage and egocentric behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is linked to the explicit making of moral judgments?

<p>VMPFC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tested when the rule is changed unexpectedly in a subject?

<p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily associated with social cognition and moral decision making?

<p>Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stroop task primarily measure?

<p>Conflict between word meaning and ink color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the Big Five personality traits?

<p>Intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of test can be used to determine personality traits?

<p>Rorschach Inkblot Test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supports socio-emotional intelligence?

<p>Default Mode Network (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)?

<p>Emotional control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality trait is specifically associated with behavior patterns?

<p>Personality traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Frontal Lobes

The brain region involved in intelligence, personality, and morality, and other functions like motor control.

Intelligence

The ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas, use language, and learn.

Personality

Individual differences in behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Morality

Distinguishing between right and wrong intentions, decisions, and behaviors.

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Phineas Gage

A famous case study where an iron rod injury to the frontal lobe dramatically altered his personality.

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Pre-frontal lobes

The front part of the frontal lobes, associated with intelligence, personality and morality.

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Silent Lobes

Frontal Lobes, previously underestimated due to their lack of simple, easily identifiable functions.

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Necessary but not Sufficient

Frontal lobes are essential for certain functions, but other brain areas also participate.

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Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

Part of the brain involved in higher-level cognitive functions like planning, decision-making, and working memory.

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Dorsal-Medial Nucleus (DM)

A thalamic nucleus that gates information to and from the prefrontal cortex, influencing attention.

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DLPFC

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; involved in higher-level cognitive processes and executive functions.

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VLPFC

Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex; involved in processing information and actions.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to learn new ways to solve problems or perform tasks.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and skills based on experience.

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General Intelligence Factor (g)

A single measure of intelligence encompassing various cognitive abilities.

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Phylogeny of PFC

The evolutionary development of the prefrontal cortex across different species, showing increases in humans and primates.

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Intelligence Assessment

Methods like the WAIS-IV measure various aspects of intelligence, like verbal comprehension and visuospatial reasoning, to produce a standardized IQ score.

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IQ Score

A standardized numerical value representing intelligence level relative to a specific age group.

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Task-Positive Network

A brain network associated with problem-solving, focusing attention, decision-making, and controlling actions; associated with fluid intelligence.

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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

Part of the brain involved in planning actions, short-term memory, and directing attention.

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Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)

Brain region that controls attention, especially bottom-up (stimulus driven) attention.

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Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

A laboratory test used to study cognitive functions within the task-positive network. Participants match cards based on undisclosed rules.

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Neuroimaging Study

Scientific study that uses imaging techniques to examine the relation between brain structure/activity and intelligence.

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Stroop Task

A test to measure brain areas involved in conflict resolution. Subjects name the color of ink, ignoring the meaning of the word printed in that color.

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Default Mode Network (DMN)

Brain network active during rest and mind-wandering, related to social cognition, emotion, and decision-making.

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Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex (DMPFC)

Brain area involved in understanding others' thoughts and intentions (theory of mind).

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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)

Brain region connected to emotional control, and morality in conjunction with the temporal-parietal junction.

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Papez Circuit (Hippocampus + PCC)

Brain circuit handling episodic memory, part of the limbic system.

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Personality Trait

Enduring characteristic revealing personal behavior in various situations.

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Big Five

A model of personality with 5 aspects.

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DLPFC syndrome

Damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) causes difficulties with planning, memory, attention, and fluid intelligence. Individuals may become apathetic and indifferent.

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OFC syndrome

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) leads to unstable emotions, egocentric behavior, lack of empathy, and impaired social interaction. Moral judgment and behavior are affected.

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VMPFC role in morality

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) is activated when making explicit judgments about right and wrong. It plays a crucial role in moral reasoning and decision-making.

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TPJ role in morality

The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is involved in intuitive reactions to situations with implicit moral content. It is also associated with empathy and understanding others' actions.

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Frontal lobe syndromes

Damage to different parts of the frontal lobe can lead to distinct syndromes, such as DLPFC and OFC syndromes, affecting planning, emotions, and social behavior.

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Study Notes

Intelligence, Personality, and Morality

  • Intelligence is a broad term encompassing various abilities, including reasoning, planning, problem-solving, abstract thought, language comprehension, and learning.
  • Personality involves individual differences in behavior patterns, cognitive styles, and emotional responses.
  • Morality distinguishes between good/right and bad/wrong intentions, decisions, and behaviors.

Frontal Lobes

  • Intact frontal lobes (along with other non-frontal areas) are necessary for expressing intelligence, personality, and morality.
  • The frontal lobes, often called "silent lobes," were not initially linked to specific functions.
  • A famous case study of Phineas Gage highlights the importance of the frontal lobes for personality and behavior control.

Pre-Frontal Lobes

  • Prefrontal lobes are intimately connected to intelligence, personality, and morality, though not exclusive.
  • They support other functions (e.g., motor control).
  • The prefrontal cortex's non-motor areas, particularly layer 4 (thalamic input) and the projection zone of the dorsal-medial nucleus of the thalamus, play crucial roles.
  • The dorsal-medial nucleus is essential for gating and filtering information sent to the prefrontal cortex.
  • Prefrontal areas receive input from sensory areas via "where" and "what" pathways.

Phylogeny of the Pre-Frontal Lobes

  • The prefrontal cortex expanded significantly during mammalian and primate evolution.
  • Humans have a significantly larger prefrontal cortex than other mammals
  • While other animals may have larger overall brain sizes, the primate/human prefrontal cortex size expansion is unique

Divisions of the Pre-Frontal Lobes

  • Prefrontal cortex is segmented into lateral/medial and dorsal/ventral regions.
  • The orbitofrontal cortex is a specific area of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Connections of Pre-Frontal Cortex

  • Prefrontal cortices are interconnected and receive projections from various brain regions, including sensory areas.
  • The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) receives sensory input from "where" pathways.
  • The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) receives sensory input from "what" pathways.

Intelligence

  • Psychologists debate the best way to define and measure intelligence.
  • The oldest theory posits a general intelligence factor (g), encompassing fluid intelligence (learning new solutions) and crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge).
  • Other theories propose multiple intelligences (e.g., socio-emotional).

Neurobiology of Intelligence

  • Modern intelligence assessments (like the WAIS-IV) evaluate various aspects of intelligence, such as verbal comprehension, visuospatial reasoning, and working memory.
  • Intelligence is linked to brain network size, activity, and communication efficiency.
  • Two major networks related to intelligence are the task-positive network and the default-mode network.
    • The task-positive network is involved in problem-solving, attention and decision-making.
    • The default-mode network plays a role in social cognition.

Task-Positive Network

  • This network is crucial for problem-solving, focused attention, decision-making, and action control.
  • Key components include the DLPFC (planning, action), PPC (spatial attention, controlling inputs).
  • The dACC monitors and corrects errors during tasks.

Task-Positive Network 2

  • Specific tasks (WCST, Stroop test) reveal the network's functions related to cognitive flexibility and attention.

Default Mode Network

  • The Default Mode Network is active when the mind is at rest or wandering.
  • Key components include the DMPFC (mentalizing), VMPFC (emotional control, morality), hippocampus (episodic memory), and the posterior cingulate cortex.
  • This network is crucial for social cognition, moral reasoning, and emotional self-awareness.

Personality

  • Personality refers to enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior.
  • It can be assessed through a variety of methods, including self-report measures and projective tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot test.
  • Personality structure is organized into components (e.g., the Five Factor Model, or Big Five Model).

Personality 2

  • Specific brain areas are associated with aspects of the Big Five personality traits, but the cause-and-effect relationship isn't fully understood.

Morality

  • Morality is the distinction between right and wrong, encompassing values, social norms, and personal judgments.
  • Morality is also a personal and cultural construct but not always equivalent.
  • The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is involved in moral intuitions.
  • The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) is involved in moral reasoning.

Frontal Lobe Pathology

  • Damage to different parts of the frontal lobes causes specific syndromes, affecting various cognitive functions including attention and planning, emotional control, social judgment.
  • These can result in issues such as apathy, emotional instability, anti-social behavior, moral reasoning.

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Description

Explore the interconnected roles of intelligence, personality, and morality in this quiz. Delve into the significance of the frontal and prefrontal lobes in shaping these facets of human behavior. Test your knowledge on key concepts and classic studies, such as Phineas Gage.

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