Psychology: Intelligence, Personality, and Morality
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Questions and Answers

What defines the prefrontal cortex primarily?

  • Granular frontal cortex (correct)
  • Sensory processing zones
  • Motor areas
  • Input from the spinal cord

    • Which nucleus is essential for gating information to and from the prefrontal cortex?

  • Anterior nucleus
  • Ventral nucleus
  • Dorsal-medial nucleus (correct)
  • Lateral nucleus

    • What percentage of the total cortex does the prefrontal cortex account for in humans?

  • 17%
  • 29% (correct)
  • 3.5%
  • 11.5%

    • Which part of the prefrontal cortex is sometimes referred to as the orbitofrontal cortex?

    <p>Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fluid intelligence best defined?

    <p>Ability to learn new problem-solving methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of intelligence described in the oldest theory?

    <p>Crystallized and fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the prefrontal cortex receives inputs from the sensory cortices’ 'where' pathways?

    <p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal has the highest percentage of prefrontal cortex compared to the total cortex?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abilities are included in the concept of intelligence?

    <p>Reasoning, planning, solving problems, and language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the frontal lobes play in relation to personality?

    <p>They are part of a network that influences individual differences in behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between morality and the frontal lobes?

    <p>Intact frontal lobes help differentiate between right and wrong actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was once referred to as 'the silent lobes'?

    <p>The frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Phineas Gage and why is he significant in the study of the frontal lobes?

    <p>A patient whose personality changed drastically after frontal lobe injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides intelligence, which other functions are associated with the frontal lobes?

    <p>Motor control among others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the role of other brain areas in relation to the frontal lobes is correct?

    <p>Other areas participate along with the frontal lobes in various functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are intelligence, personality, and morality related according to recent understandings?

    <p>They are intricately linked and influenced by frontal lobe function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intelligence assessment is mentioned as an example of modern intelligence assessments?

    <p>Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intelligence is highlighted as a distinct category in some theories?

    <p>Socio-emotional intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain network is associated with problem solving and decision making?

    <p>Task-Positive Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain area is involved in storing short-term memory as per the content?

    <p>Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC)?

    <p>Bottom-up attention control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher IQ is associated with what kind of relationship between the task-positive and default mode networks?

    <p>Greater anti-correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task is referenced for providing evidence of neural structures' functions in the task-positive network?

    <p>Stroop task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) primarily monitor?

    <p>Errors in execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain is associated with intuitive reactions to implicit moral issues?

    <p>TPJ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is characterized by a loss of fluid intelligence and an inability to change plans?

    <p>DLPFC syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes morality in its descriptive sense?

    <p>It refers only to personal values and social codes of conduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are commonly associated with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) syndrome?

    <p>Euphoria to rage and egocentric behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is linked to the explicit making of moral judgments?

    <p>VMPFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tested when the rule is changed unexpectedly in a subject?

    <p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is primarily associated with social cognition and moral decision making?

    <p>Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Stroop task primarily measure?

    <p>Conflict between word meaning and ink color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the Big Five personality traits?

    <p>Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test can be used to determine personality traits?

    <p>Rorschach Inkblot Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supports socio-emotional intelligence?

    <p>Default Mode Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)?

    <p>Emotional control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is specifically associated with behavior patterns?

    <p>Personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intelligence, Personality, and Morality

    • Intelligence is a broad term encompassing various abilities, including reasoning, planning, problem-solving, abstract thought, language comprehension, and learning.
    • Personality involves individual differences in behavior patterns, cognitive styles, and emotional responses.
    • Morality distinguishes between good/right and bad/wrong intentions, decisions, and behaviors.

    Frontal Lobes

    • Intact frontal lobes (along with other non-frontal areas) are necessary for expressing intelligence, personality, and morality.
    • The frontal lobes, often called "silent lobes," were not initially linked to specific functions.
    • A famous case study of Phineas Gage highlights the importance of the frontal lobes for personality and behavior control.

    Pre-Frontal Lobes

    • Prefrontal lobes are intimately connected to intelligence, personality, and morality, though not exclusive.
    • They support other functions (e.g., motor control).
    • The prefrontal cortex's non-motor areas, particularly layer 4 (thalamic input) and the projection zone of the dorsal-medial nucleus of the thalamus, play crucial roles.
    • The dorsal-medial nucleus is essential for gating and filtering information sent to the prefrontal cortex.
    • Prefrontal areas receive input from sensory areas via "where" and "what" pathways.

    Phylogeny of the Pre-Frontal Lobes

    • The prefrontal cortex expanded significantly during mammalian and primate evolution.
    • Humans have a significantly larger prefrontal cortex than other mammals
    • While other animals may have larger overall brain sizes, the primate/human prefrontal cortex size expansion is unique

    Divisions of the Pre-Frontal Lobes

    • Prefrontal cortex is segmented into lateral/medial and dorsal/ventral regions.
    • The orbitofrontal cortex is a specific area of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

    Connections of Pre-Frontal Cortex

    • Prefrontal cortices are interconnected and receive projections from various brain regions, including sensory areas.
    • The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) receives sensory input from "where" pathways.
    • The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) receives sensory input from "what" pathways.

    Intelligence

    • Psychologists debate the best way to define and measure intelligence.
    • The oldest theory posits a general intelligence factor (g), encompassing fluid intelligence (learning new solutions) and crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge).
    • Other theories propose multiple intelligences (e.g., socio-emotional).

    Neurobiology of Intelligence

    • Modern intelligence assessments (like the WAIS-IV) evaluate various aspects of intelligence, such as verbal comprehension, visuospatial reasoning, and working memory.
    • Intelligence is linked to brain network size, activity, and communication efficiency.
    • Two major networks related to intelligence are the task-positive network and the default-mode network.
      • The task-positive network is involved in problem-solving, attention and decision-making.
      • The default-mode network plays a role in social cognition.

    Task-Positive Network

    • This network is crucial for problem-solving, focused attention, decision-making, and action control.
    • Key components include the DLPFC (planning, action), PPC (spatial attention, controlling inputs).
    • The dACC monitors and corrects errors during tasks.

    Task-Positive Network 2

    • Specific tasks (WCST, Stroop test) reveal the network's functions related to cognitive flexibility and attention.

    Default Mode Network

    • The Default Mode Network is active when the mind is at rest or wandering.
    • Key components include the DMPFC (mentalizing), VMPFC (emotional control, morality), hippocampus (episodic memory), and the posterior cingulate cortex.
    • This network is crucial for social cognition, moral reasoning, and emotional self-awareness.

    Personality

    • Personality refers to enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior.
    • It can be assessed through a variety of methods, including self-report measures and projective tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot test.
    • Personality structure is organized into components (e.g., the Five Factor Model, or Big Five Model).

    Personality 2

    • Specific brain areas are associated with aspects of the Big Five personality traits, but the cause-and-effect relationship isn't fully understood.

    Morality

    • Morality is the distinction between right and wrong, encompassing values, social norms, and personal judgments.
    • Morality is also a personal and cultural construct but not always equivalent.
    • The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is involved in moral intuitions.
    • The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) is involved in moral reasoning.

    Frontal Lobe Pathology

    • Damage to different parts of the frontal lobes causes specific syndromes, affecting various cognitive functions including attention and planning, emotional control, social judgment.
    • These can result in issues such as apathy, emotional instability, anti-social behavior, moral reasoning.

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    Description

    Explore the interconnected roles of intelligence, personality, and morality in this quiz. Delve into the significance of the frontal and prefrontal lobes in shaping these facets of human behavior. Test your knowledge on key concepts and classic studies, such as Phineas Gage.

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