Psychology: Innate Needs and Delayed Gratification

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of self-actualization?

To realize one's potential and capabilities (correct)

To understand the fundamental elements of a conceptual system

To achieve a sense of belonging

To recognize faces

What is the main objective of a correlational design?

To assign participants randomly to different groups

To manipulate variables to observe their effects

To measure the relationship between two variables (correct)

To explain psychological traits as adaptations

What is the term for the inability to recognize faces?

Prosopagnosia (correct)

Structuralism

Evolutionary psychology

Social desirability

What is the purpose of operational definitions?

To provide specific explanations of how variables are measured Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a statistical relationship where an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in another?

Negative correlation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of case studies?

Limited generalizability Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a response bias where individuals provide answers to be viewed favorably by others?

Social desirability Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a theoretical approach that explains psychological traits and behaviors as adaptations?

Evolutionary psychology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Positive Psychology?

Enhancing the positive aspects of human experience Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of Immediate vs Delayed Gratification related to?

The ability to resist an immediate reward in favor of a more significant reward that comes later Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory emphasizes the importance of conditioning in shaping behavior?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Marshmallow Studies?

To test children's ability to delay gratification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Trait and Temperament View?

The innate personality traits and temperaments that individuals are born with Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the psychological tension or discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes?

Cognitive Dissonance Signup and view all the answers

What is the framework within Positive Psychology that outlines five key elements contributing to well-being?

The PERMA Model Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the viewpoint that studying internal mental processes is unnecessary or irrelevant for understanding behavior?

Rejection of Mental Processes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Innate Needs and Personal Growth

Innate needs are basic physiological requirements necessary for survival and personal growth, including food, water, sleep, and social interaction.

Immediate vs Delayed Gratification

The concept of immediate vs delayed gratification involves choosing between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed reward.
Marshmallow studies are psychological experiments that test children's ability to delay gratification by offering a choice between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed reward.

Learning Theories

Behaviorism is a learning theory that emphasizes that behaviors are acquired through conditioning, often without considering internal thoughts or feelings.
Positive Psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on enhancing the positive aspects of human experience, including happiness, well-being, and flourishing.

Positive Psychology

The PERMA model outlines five key elements contributing to well-being: Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.

Cognitive Biases and Theories

Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains the psychological tension or discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes.
The Endowment Effect is a cognitive bias where individuals assign greater value to things merely because they own them.

Personality Theories

The Trait and Temperament View emphasizes the innate personality traits and temperaments that individuals are born with, which influence their behavior and reactions.
The Big Five model of personality identifies five main traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Psychological Perspectives

Humanism is a psychological perspective that focuses on the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual, often emphasizing personal growth and self-actualization.
Self-Actualization is the process by which individuals realize their potential and capabilities, striving to become the best version of themselves.
Evolutionary Psychology explains psychological traits and behaviors as adaptations that have evolved through natural selection.

Research Methods and Designs

Random Assignment is a method used in experimental research where participants are randomly allocated to different groups to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition.
Correlational Design is a non-experimental research method that measures the relationship between two variables without manipulating them to assess how they change together.

Neurological and Psychological Concepts

Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces, also known as face blindness.
Social Desirability is a response bias where individuals answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others, often skewing research results.

Research Concepts

Operational Definitions provide specific explanations of how variables in a study will be measured and defined to ensure clarity and consistency in research.
Negative Correlation is a type of statistical relationship where an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in another.
Case Studies involve detailed investigations of a single subject, group, or event, providing comprehensive and in-depth insights from multiple sources and methods.
Limited Generalizability refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to broader contexts, populations, or situations outside of the studied sample.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental psychological concepts, including innate needs, delayed gratification, and the famous Marshmallow Studies. Test your understanding of human behavior and motivation!