Psychology Motivation Chapter

Questions and Answers

Match the following key terms with their definitions:

Motivation = The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Extrinsic motivation = When people are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity because we want to earn a reward or avoid punishment. Intrinsic motivation = When people engage in a behavior because they find it rewarding. Delay of Gratification = The act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future.

Match the experiments with their descriptions:

The Stanford marshmallow experiment = A study on delayed gratification in 1972 led by psychologist Walter Mischel, a professor at Stanford University. Stanford Prison Experiment = In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Up series = A series of documentary films that follows the lives of ten males and four females in England beginning in 1964, when they were seven years old. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs = Is the idea that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, with physiological (survival) needs at the bottom and the more creative and intellectually oriented 'self-actualization' needs at the top.

Match the following types of motivation with their descriptions:

Extrinsic motivation = When people are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity because we want to earn a reward or avoid punishment. Intrinsic motivation = When people engage in a behavior because they find it rewarding. Mastery orientation = The belief that success is the result of effort and use of the appropriate strategies. Performance orientation = The belief that success is the result of superior ability and of surpassing one's peers.

Match the following psychologists or researchers with their work:

Walter Mischel = The Stanford marshmallow experiment Philip Zimbardo = Stanford Prison Experiment Maslow = Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization = A person's motivation to reach his or her full potential. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Mastery orientation = The belief that success is the result of effort and use of the appropriate strategies. Performance orientation = The belief that success is the result of superior ability and of surpassing one's peers. Self-Actualization = A person's motivation to reach his or her full potential. Delay of Gratification = The act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following motivations to their descriptions:

Extrinsic motivation = When people are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity because we want to earn a reward or avoid punishment. Intrinsic motivation = When people engage in a behavior because they find it rewarding. Self-Actualization = A person's motivation to reach his or her full potential. Motivation = The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research studies with their key aspects:

The Stanford marshmallow experiment = A study on delayed gratification in 1972 led by psychologist Walter Mischel, a professor at Stanford University. Stanford Prison Experiment = In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. Up series = A series of documentary films that follows the lives of ten males and four females in England beginning in 1964, when they were seven years old. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs = Is the idea that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, with physiological (survival) needs at the bottom and the more creative and intellectually oriented 'self-actualization' needs at the top. Signup and view all the answers

Match the documentary series or experiments with their focus:

The Stanford marshmallow experiment = Delayed gratification Stanford Prison Experiment = Impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard Up series = Lives of ten males and four females Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs = Human needs arranged in a hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the superego according to Freud?

Judging actions and responding with pride or guilt Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines personality traits?

Consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'id' primarily operate on?

Pleasure principle Signup and view all the answers

Which level of consciousness contains thoughts that have been repressed?

Unconscious Signup and view all the answers

According to the Five-Factor Model, which of the following is not one of the broad personality traits?

Conformity Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's concept of the 'ego' primarily deal with?

Reality and practical aspects of life Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to define the spectrum of different psychological qualities influencing an individual's characteristic behavior patterns?

Personality Signup and view all the answers

Which system of the superego includes the collection of improper actions for which a child is punished?

Conscience Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Key Concepts

Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
The Stanford marshmallow experiment, led by Walter Mischel in 1972, is a study on delayed gratification.
Delay of gratification is the act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future.

Types of Motivation

Extrinsic motivation occurs when people are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity because they want to earn a reward or avoid punishment.
Intrinsic motivation occurs when people engage in a behavior because they find it rewarding.

Orientations and Beliefs

Mastery orientation is the belief that success is the result of effort and use of the appropriate strategies.
Performance orientation is the belief that success is the result of superior ability and of surpassing one's peers.

Notable Experiments and Studies

The Up series is a series of documentary films that follows the lives of ten males and four females in England beginning in 1964, when they were seven years old.
The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted in 1971, examined the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison guard.

Theories of Human Needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is the idea that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy, with physiological (survival) needs at the bottom and self-actualization needs at the top.
Self-actualization is a person's motivation to reach their full potential.

Personality

Defined as unique psychological qualities influencing characteristic behavior patterns across different situations and over time.
Encompasses both overt and covert behavior.

Human Behavior

Refers to the potential and expressed capacity of humans to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.
Encompasses mental, physical, and social aspects.

Sigmund Freud

Considered the originator of psychology and one of the most influential intellectuals of the 20th century.
Proposed the structural model of personality, comprising:
- Conscious: Thoughts we have access to.
- Preconscious: Thoughts we are not currently aware of.
- Unconscious: Thoughts that have been repressed.
- Id: Unconscious level, consisting of primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce, driven by the pleasure principle.
- Superego: Mostly unconscious level, comprising:
  - Conscience: A collection of improper actions for which a child is punished.
  - Ego-ideal: Consists of proper actions for which a child is rewarded.
- Ego: Conscious level, guided by the reality principle, moderating the desires of the id and superego.

Personality Traits

Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that imply consistency and stability.

Five-Factor Model (The Big Five)

A widely accepted model of personality traits, summarizing variability in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors into five broad traits.

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Description

Understand the concept of motivation, delayed gratification, and types of motivation, including the famous Stanford marshmallow experiment. Learn how motivation initiates and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.