Psychology History Quiz

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), triggers a conditioned response (CR).

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

A principle stating that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unsatisfying consequences become less likely.

The intellectual structure of early American psychology evolved rapidly, with distinct research communities forming and then merging by 1908.

The Psychological Review journal served as a platform for early American psychology research, showcasing the evolution of specialized research areas.

Early American psychology heavily emphasized the study of 'consciousness' as its central concept.

A shift occurred in early American psychology from a primary focus on 'consciousness' to a wider range of research topics, potentially influenced by a change in journal editorship or a crisis of confidence.

The structure of early American psychology continued to evolve during this period (1909-1923), with the rise of specialized journals and the impact of external factors like World War I influencing research.

The unexpected departure of James Mark Baldwin from the leadership of the Psychological Review in 1910 contributed to changes in the organization of early American psychology.

The emergence of specialized journals during this period (1909-1923) reflected the increasing focus on specific research topics and the growing sophistication of early American psychology.

The Psychological Review aimed to be the primary source for theoretical psychology in the United States.

The early Psychological Review (1894-1898) showed multiple clusters of thought, not just a simple opposition of structuralism and functionalism.

The Psychological Review from 1899 to 1903 showcased the development of psychology with even more clusters of thought.

James Mark Baldwin acquired a share of the Psychological Review in 1904, but his influence waned after a personal scandal in 1908.

John B. Watson became the sole editor of the Psychological Review in 1910, marking a shift in the journal's direction.

Watson's doctoral dissertation focused on animal learning, specifically studying the psychical development of white rats and correlating it with the growth of their nervous system. It was titled "Animal Education: An Experimental Study on the Psychical Development of the White Rat, Correlated with the Growth of its Nervous System."

Watson's behaviorism emphasizes that psychology should only study observable behaviors, rejecting introspection and mental states. It focuses on how environmental stimuli influence observable responses.

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a stimulus that elicits a natural response (unconditioned stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes associated and triggers the same response (conditioned response).

A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) through repeated pairings, eventually eliciting a learned response (conditioned response).

An unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that naturally triggers a specific response without prior learning. This response is called an unconditioned response (UR).

An unconditioned response (UR) is an unlearned, natural response to an unconditioned stimulus (US). It's the automatic reaction to the US. Examples include salivation to food or flinching to a loud noise.

A conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS). It's the same response that was originally triggered by the unconditioned stimulus (US) but now is caused by the CS as a result of repeated pairings. This is what Pavlov's dogs learned.

In 1920, Watson and Rayner exposed a baby, 'Little Albert,' to a white rat while pairing it with loud, startling noises. The baby initially showed no fear of the rat but learned to fear it after repeated pairings, exhibiting a conditioned fear response. This experiment illustrated how phobias can be classically conditioned. Critics argued it was unethical.

A school of psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and its relation to environmental stimuli. Watson rejected introspection and focused on objective methods to study learning and behavior.

Hull, a behaviorist, focused on quantifying and formalizing experimental results. He believed in a 'mathematical' approach to psychology, using formulas to predict behavior.

The likelihood that an organism will produce a specific response (r) to a given stimulus (s).

Skinner's work focused on operant conditioning - learning through reinforcement and punishment. He emphasized the role of environmental consequences in shaping behavior.

A therapy method that gradually exposes individuals to their fears in a controlled environment, helping them overcome phobias and anxieties.

A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

A school of psychology that emphasizes observable behavior and its connection to environmental stimuli.

A learning process where behavior is associated with its consequences, leading to an increase or decrease in the likelihood of that behavior.

Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior.