Psychology History Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What main concept was introduced by Yerkes and Morgulis in 1909?

Conditioned reflex (correct)

Operant conditioning

Puzzle box learning

Emotional intelligence

What was the primary method used in Watson and Rayner's study involving the participant Albert?

Pavlovian (classical) conditioning (correct)

Behavior modification

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Operant conditioning

What was the unconditioned stimulus used in the study with the white rat?

A puzzle box

A white beard

The rat itself

A loud noise (correct)

What principle does Edward Thorndike's research on animal learning illustrate?

Law of Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the outcome of Watson and Rayner's conditioning method?

Generalization to similar stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary mission of the journal as it emerged from challenges?

To serve as the chief repository of theoretical psychology in the United States Signup and view all the answers

Which two psychological movements are suggested to coexist rather than oppose each other?

Structuralism and Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

Who became the sole editor of Psychological Review in 1910?

John Watson Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Cattell sell his share of Psychological Review to Baldwin?

1904 Signup and view all the answers

What event involving Baldwin occurred in 1908?

He was arrested at a brothel Signup and view all the answers

What does the formula SER = SHR × D × V × K help quantify in behaviorism?

The likelihood of a specific behavioral response to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Hull's formula represents the previous conditioning trials impacting behavior?

SHR Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal processes?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

In Skinner's work, what role does the environment play in shaping behavior?

It is the primary factor affecting reaction to stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Skinner's research in psychology?

The concept of reflex in behavior description Signup and view all the answers

What was John B. Watson's contribution to the field of psychology?

Formulated theories on behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment is known for demonstrating classical conditioning?

Pavlov’s Experiment with dogs Signup and view all the answers

What does classical conditioning involve?

Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the main criticism of Watson's behaviorism?

It fails to account for biological influences. Signup and view all the answers

What role did John B. Watson assume in 1915?

President of the American Psychological Association Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of operant conditioning?

Behavior is shaped by its consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT a focus of behaviorism?

Mental processes Signup and view all the answers

What type of psychology did John Dewey, who influenced Watson, primarily focus on?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary technique used in systematic desensitization?

Gradual exposure to a stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist was known for using classical conditioning with Little Albert?

John Watson Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in Hull's approach to behaviorism?

Mathematical quantification of learning Signup and view all the answers

What principle underlies operant conditioning as developed by Skinner?

Reinforcement over punishment Signup and view all the answers

What was the behaviorists' stance on consciousness in psychology?

It is irrelevant to behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a key focus of B.F. Skinner's work?

Societal design through behavioral applications Signup and view all the answers

How did behaviorism influence psychological research outlets?

Behaviorists dominated major psychological journals and associations Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT a focus in the principles of behaviorism?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of effect, proposed by Thorndike, indicate about responses that yield a satisfying effect?

They become more likely to occur again in that situation. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor affecting the intellectual structure of early American psychology as identified in the study?

The emergence of specialty psychology journals. Signup and view all the answers

What event contributed to the turmoil of Psychological Review during 1909-1923?

The impact of World War I. Signup and view all the answers

What was one notable change in the differentiation of psychological specialties from the first to the second time block?

Psychological specialties rapidly differentiated themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Baldwin's departure from the Psychological Review in 1910?

A period of instability within the journal. Signup and view all the answers

Which finding was observed regarding the clusters of articles in the psychological networks?

Strongly correlated vocabularies were spatially close. Signup and view all the answers

How did the study relate to the concept of 'consciousness' in early American psychology?

There was a growing crisis of confidence surrounding its definition. Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest about the publication trends of the Psychological Review over the examined 15-year periods?

The journal faced challenges that led to a change in publication frequency. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

History of Psychology: Session 5 - Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a purely objective, experimental branch of natural science.
The goal of behaviorism is to predict and control behavior.
Introspection is not considered a necessary method.
The scientific value of behavioral data does not depend on introspection.
Behaviorists see no difference between human and animal responses.
The emphasis is on observable behavior, not consciousness.

Learning Objectives

Students will identify key researchers and ideas of the behaviorist school.
They will discuss the origins and principles of classical and operant conditioning.
Students will analyze the impact of behaviorism on both theoretical and applied psychology.

John B. Watson

Born in 1878.
Had troubled youth (arrested twice).
Studied philosophy under John Dewey.
Received a doctorate in 1902.
Became a professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in 1908.
Edited the Psychological Review (after James Baldwin).
Became president of the APA in 1915.
Conducted research in animal education and the nervous system.
His research on animal learning contributed to understanding human behavior.
Worked in advertising after 1920.
Died in 1958.
His work on animal and human behavior, including the "Little Albert" experiment, helped to establish behaviorism as a prominent field within psychology.
His work contributed to the principles of conditioning and the study of behavior in various contexts.

Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It

Psychology, from a behaviorist perspective, is a purely objective, experimental science focused on observable behaviors, not consciousness.
Behaviorists aim to predict and control behavior without relying on introspection.
The behaviorist viewpoint encompasses both animal and human behavior, considering them equivalent in their observable patterns.

Behaviorism: Theses and Methods

Human psychology has not successfully established itself as a natural science due to excessive focus on consciousness and introspection.
Behavioral studies of animals provide valuable insights comparable to human behavior.
The focus should be on scientific measurement and explanation of behaviors themselves, not on interpretations related to consciousness.
Introspection is of no use in understanding behaviors; therefore, psychology can benefit from discarding this method.
The elimination of consciousness as a research object allows closer collaboration with other natural sciences.
Behavioral phenomena can be explained through physiological and chemical processes.
Behavioral studies of basic subjects such as amoebas can help define basic principles for understanding more complex behavior in other species.

Behaviorism: Methods - Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that has an inherent value/valence.
This triggers a conditioned response.
The example of Ivan Pavlov's dog experiment is a significant example of this phenomenon.

Behaviorism: Methods - The "Little Albert" Experiment

A classic example of classical conditioning in humans.
The study focused on conditioned emotional responses by pairing a neutral stimulus, a white rat, with a loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) which created fear.
The neutral stimulus eventually triggered a fear response.

Behaviorism: Methods - Operant Conditioning

Studied by Edward Thorndike using puzzle boxes.
Responses with satisfying outcomes increase in frequency.
Responses that produce discomforting consequences become less common.
This is known as the law of effect.

Behaviorism: Impact

Influenced various societal aspects, such as education, marketing and animal training.
The principles of classical and operant conditioning have practical applications in altering behaviors in desired ways.

Behaviorism: Impact - Joseph Wolpe

A South African psychiatrist.
Developed systematic desensitization, a behavior therapy method to treat anxiety disorders.
The method involves gradual exposure to feared stimuli.

Behaviorism: Skinner

A key figure in behaviorism.
Developed the concept of operant conditioning.
Focused on reinforcement and punishment as key factors in shaping behavior.

Behaviorism: Fall

The emphasis on objectivity and observable behaviors in behaviorism eventually led to a decline.
Other approaches, such as those acknowledging consciousness, became increasingly influential.

Behaviorism: Clark Hull

A major contributor to behaviorism.
Quantified the components of behavior using mathematical formulas.
Proposed a model of learning incorporating factors such as drive, stimulus characteristics, and reinforcement history.

Summary

Behaviorism rejected consciousness as the object of study.
Focused on observable behaviors, learning processes, experimental control, and rigorous methodologies.
Behaviorism emphasized the importance of experimental methodology over purely abstract philosophical discussions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on significant milestones in psychology, including key studies and figures. This quiz covers the foundational concepts introduced by important psychologists and critical events in the development of the field. Ideal for students and enthusiasts of psychology.