Psychology: Harlow and Deci's Experiments
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Type A behavior?

  • Patient and easygoing approach to challenges
  • Excessive competition drive and impatience (correct)
  • Strong focus on intrinsic rewards without urgency
  • Ability to manage stress with confidence

What is the main focus of Theory Y management?

  • Using strict rules to maintain productivity
  • Motivating employees through fear of failure
  • Trusting employees to be self-motivated and responsible (correct)
  • Believing employees need constant supervision

What primarily motivates Type X behavior?

  • Intrinsic interests and passion for work
  • Desire for personal growth and mastery
  • Collaboration and teamwork
  • External rewards and recognition (correct)

Which statement best describes Type I behavior?

<p>It can be developed and is driven by intrinsic desires (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons fair and adequate pay is essential in a workplace?

<p>It allows employees to focus on their work instead of financial concerns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four T's over which individuals should have autonomy to foster Type I behavior?

<p>Task, Team, Time, Technique (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of time do Atlassian employees spend on projects they choose?

<p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company is known for allowing employees to spend 15% of their time on personal projects, leading to the creation of Post-it notes?

<p>3M (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus shift in a nonroutine work environment according to the content?

<p>From output to input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reward system does Zappos implement in their call center operations?

<p>If-then rewards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of autonomy that contributes to higher job satisfaction in self-organized teams?

<p>Autonomy over salary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do FedEx days contribute to employee motivation?

<p>By allowing time for creative projects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of homeshoring mentioned in the content?

<p>Greater comfort for employees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of flow primarily describe?

<p>A sense of control and engagement in an activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding mastery?

<p>Mastery unfolds over a significant period of time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Carol Dweck differentiate between performance goals and learning goals?

<p>Performance goals aim for external validation, while learning goals focus on skill acquisition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a 'Goldilocks task'?

<p>A task that balances challenge and simplicity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, the idea of autonomy implies that individuals have different preferences for which of the following?

<p>Task management styles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main psychological theory is associated with Carol Dweck's research?

<p>The theory of fixed mindset vs. growth mindset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is creating flow-friendly environments in the workplace important?

<p>It fosters deep engagement and satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'autotelic experiences' as defined by Csikszentmihalyi?

<p>Experiences where the activity itself is rewarding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a B corporation?

<p>To pursue purpose and use profit as a catalyst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the MBA Hippocratic Oath?

<p>A commitment to causes beyond just financial outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pronoun test, using 'we' instead of 'they', indicate?

<p>Strong personal investment in the company (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does spending money relate to happiness, according to the content?

<p>How money is spent matters more than the amount spent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes extrinsic aspirations?

<p>Goals based on financial wealth and fame (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one key finding about graduates who pursued intrinsic aspirations?

<p>They were generally happier and more satisfied with life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is highlighted as a better approach to ethics in organizations?

<p>Encouraging autonomy in the service of purpose maximization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between purpose and employee motivation?

<p>Having a shared purpose boosts employee motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does grit refer to in the context provided?

<p>Perseverance and passion for long-term goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is mastery characterized in the context described?

<p>Mastery is an impossible goal that one can only approach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Type I behavior?

<p>Incremental theory and learning goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation are people more likely to reach a flow state?

<p>At work with clear goals and immediate feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Motivation 3.0?

<p>Emphasizing purpose as a driving force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the American boomers experience upon turning 60, according to the stages mentioned?

<p>A mix of surprise, relief, and reflection on purpose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is flow described in the context provided?

<p>A deep sense of engagement and necessity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generations are noted for redefining success away from monetary rewards?

<p>Baby Boomers and Generation Y (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary finding of the experiment conducted by Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett regarding children and drawing?

<p>The expected-award group showed less interest and spent less time drawing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation according to the content?

<p>They diminish intrinsic motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the candle problem by Karl Duncker illustrate about problem solving?

<p>Functional fixedness can hinder creativity and problem-solving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about performance in relation to different sizes of rewards?

<p>Small rewards can lead to better performance than medium-sized rewards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are if-then motivators described as detrimental to creativity?

<p>They restrict individual autonomy and stifle creativity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of creative tasks, what drives individuals to perform better according to the content?

<p>Intrinsic motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to participants offered a large reward in the game study mentioned?

<p>They performed worse than participants offered smaller rewards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of heuristic tasks as stated in the content?

<p>They require a creative and flexible approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Type A Behavior

A type of personality characterized by excessive drive, impatience, and a strong sense of time urgency.

Type B Behavior

A type of personality characterized by a relaxed and patient approach to life, with a strong sense of self-confidence and security.

Type X Behavior

A style of motivation driven primarily by external factors, such as rewards, bonuses, or recognition.

Type I Behavior

A style of motivation driven primarily by internal factors, such as personal satisfaction, growth, and purpose.

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Shifting from Type X to Type I

A shift from motivation fueled by external rewards to motivation driven by intrinsic desires, leading to greater fulfillment and achievement.

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Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to do something for the sake of enjoyment or satisfaction, without external rewards.

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Extrinsic Rewards

Rewards that are given for completing a task or achieving a goal.

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If-Then Rewards

A type of reward system that uses the "if-then" structure: "If you do this, then you will get that."

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The Sawyer Effect

The negative effect of rewards on intrinsic motivation, where people are less likely to engage in an activity that they once enjoyed once they are rewarded for it.

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Functional Fixedness

The tendency to only see the usual function of an object, limiting our ability to see alternative uses.

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Heuristic Task

A creative problem-solving approach that involves using intuition and trial-and-error to find solutions.

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Algorithmic Task

A problem-solving methods based on a set of rules and steps, leading to a predictable outcome.

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Third Drive

The drive to engage in activities that are interesting, challenging, or enjoyable, for their own sake.

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FedEx Day

A day where employees can dedicate their time to any project they choose, promoting creativity and innovation.

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The Four T's

The four essential elements of autonomy in the workplace: task, time, technique, and team.

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The Billable Hour

Rewarding employees based on time worked instead of results achieved, which can harm intrinsic motivation and lead to burnout.

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Grouplet

Small, independent teams within organizations that possess little budget or authority but aim to drive change through innovative projects.

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Autonomy Over Team

The degree to which individuals have control over their workplace team, often challenging to achieve but crucial for employee satisfaction.

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Accountability in an Autonomous Environment

The practice of holding employees responsible for their work in a manner that fosters their growth and encourages accountability without stifling autonomy.

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Motivation 2.0

A framework that emphasizes rewarding employees based on time worked, often effective for routine tasks but less suitable for creative, nonroutine work.

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Flow

A state of complete absorption in an activity, characterized by clear goals, immediate feedback, and a perfect balance between challenges and skills.

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Mastery

The desire and drive to consistently improve in a skill or area that is personally meaningful.

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Goldilocks Tasks

Tasks that are challenging enough to be engaging but not so difficult as to be overwhelming or discouraging.

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Entity Theory

The belief that intelligence and abilities are innate and fixed. Individuals with this mindset may avoid challenges for fear of failure.

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Incremental Theory

The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed and improved through effort and learning.

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Performance Goals

Goals focused on achieving a particular outcome or performance standard, such as getting a good grade in a class.

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Learning Goals

Goals focused on developing a particular skill or knowledge base, such as learning a new language.

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Helpless Thinking

A style of thinking characterized by helplessness and a tendency to give up easily when encountering difficulties.

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Flow State

A state of complete absorption in an activity, characterized by a sense of joy and flow, often leading to mastery.

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Grit

The tendency to persevere and pursue long-term goals with passion and resilience.

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Asymptote

A line that a curve approaches but never reaches.

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Mastery Asymptote

The concept that mastery is an ongoing pursuit, constantly approaching but never fully achievable.

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Purpose-Driven Organizations

Organizations that prioritize a specific purpose or mission above maximizing profit, often incorporating social or environmental benefits into their business models.

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Purpose-Driven Ethics

A commitment to ethical behavior that goes beyond simply following rules or meeting minimum standards. It involves actively seeking to do good and contribute to a greater purpose.

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Purpose-Driven Motivation

The inherent human desire to find meaning and purpose in our work and lives. It drives us to connect with something larger than ourselves and contribute to a greater good.

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Purpose-Driven Goals

The belief that the right goals can lead people to happiness and well-being, while pursuing solely extrinsic goals like wealth or fame can lead to dissatisfaction and even anxiety.

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Purpose-Driven Culture

Organizations that encourage employees to feel a sense of ownership and responsibility, promoting a "we" mindset and fostering intrinsic motivation.

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Purpose-Driven Policy

A workplace policy that prioritizes employee well-being and purpose by encouraging employees to dedicate a portion of their work week to projects that contribute to their meaningful goals.

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Purpose-Driven Spending

The idea that spending money wisely on experiences and things that align with our values and purpose has a greater impact on happiness than simply maximizing our income.

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Purpose-Driven Business Model

A commitment to achieving both profit and purpose by ensuring that business decisions align with ethical values and contribute to a positive social and environmental impact.

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Study Notes

Introduction: The Puzzling Puzzles of Harry Harlow and Edward Deci

  • Harry F. Harlow was a professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin, who studied primate behavior.
  • Experiment 1 involved eight rhesus monkeys needing to solve a puzzle with three easy steps.
  • The monkeys succeeded without any external rewards like food or praise.
  • This demonstrated that intrinsic motivation (the joy of the task itself) is a powerful motivator.
  • The study showed that biological drives (hunger, thirst), and external rewards and punishments, also influenced behavior.
  • Edward Deci, a student from Carnegie Mellon University, continued Harlow's work.
  • Experiment 2 involved the Soma puzzle and two groups of participants.
  • Group A was rewarded and Group B was not.
  • The results showed that external rewards negatively affected motivation for the Soma puzzle activity.
  • This further demonstrated the importance of intrinsic motivation over extrinsic motivation.

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Summary of "Drive" by Daniel H. Pink (PDF)

Description

Explore the fascinating studies of Harry Harlow and Edward Deci on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Through their experiments with primates and human participants, learn how different types of motivation influence behavior. This quiz will challenge your understanding of psychological concepts related to motivation and rewards.

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