Psychology Group Influence

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Questions and Answers

What is prosocial behavior?

  • Behavior that involves no interaction with others
  • Selfish actions that benefit oneself
  • Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior (correct)
  • Aggressive or harmful actions towards others

What does social contagion refer to?

  • The spread of harmful behaviors through imitation (correct)
  • Increased social interactions within a group
  • Positive reinforcement in social contexts
  • Physical proximity to increase friendships

How does ostracism affect individuals?

  • Enhances their self-control and resilience
  • Has no significant psychological impact
  • Encourages stronger social bonds
  • Causes stress and mimics physical pain (correct)

What effect is associated with the mere presence of weapons according to research?

<p>Heightened aggressive thoughts and behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'functional distance' in the context of friendship and attraction?

<p>The frequency of interactions between individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of exposure to pornography depicting sexual coercion?

<p>Increased likelihood of violent behavior towards women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three emotional components that Sternberg identifies as the foundation of love experiences?

<p>Passion, Intimacy, Commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the need to belong?

<p>Motivation to form ongoing, positive relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of love is characterized by intimacy and passion?

<p>Romantic Love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral change is often observed in individuals after repeated exposure to erotic films?

<p>Increased acceptance of casual sexual encounters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'commitment' refer to in Sternberg's model of love?

<p>The decision to maintain a relationship over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does the 'copycat' effect in television studies refer to?

<p>Children reenacting violent actions seen on TV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did laws restricting firearms sales impact gun crimes according to studies?

<p>Reduction in incidents of gun crimes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of love represents a combination of passion and commitment without intimacy?

<p>Fatuous Love (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as consummate love in Sternberg's model?

<p>A type of love characterized by all three components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mindguards within a group?

<p>To protect the group from conflicting information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is focused on building teamwork and mediating conflict?

<p>Social leadership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of discriminatory behavior?

<p>Negative group attitudes or prejudices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a preconceived negative judgment of a group?

<p>Prejudice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership approach organizes work and sets standards?

<p>Task leadership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does subtle racial prejudice often manifest as?

<p>Employment discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes stereotypes from norms?

<p>Stereotypes are descriptive; norms are prescriptive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individual influences impact group dynamics?

<p>Through consistency and self-confidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stereotype threat?

<p>The concern about being judged based on a negative stereotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is suggested to address prejudice that arises from unequal status?

<p>Create cooperative, equal-status relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aggression is primarily aimed at injuring someone as a means to another goal?

<p>Instrumental aggression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of social aggression?

<p>Verbal bullying on social media. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is part of the instinctive view of aggression?

<p>An innate, unlearned behavior pattern. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can guilt from automatic prejudices be utilized?

<p>To motivate oneself to overcome prejudice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hostile aggression?

<p>It springs from anger and aims to injure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic influences on aggression suggest that

<p>Heredity affects the neural systems' sensitivity to aggressive cues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the boundary between personal identity and group identity becomes blurred?

<p>Greater tendency to fight or die for the group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the in-group bias?

<p>Tendency to favor one's own group over others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the perception that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members?

<p>Outgroup homogeneity effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the own-race bias?

<p>Tendency to accurately recall faces of one's own race (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias explains why people attribute negative behaviors of outgroup members to their dispositions?

<p>Group-serving bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when individuals who deviate from stereotypes are perceived as exceptions?

<p>Subtyping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does distinctiveness affect self-consciousness?

<p>It can heighten self-consciousness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

<p>An expectation that eventually leads to confirmation of that expectation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prejudice

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.

Stereotype

A belief about the personal attributes of a group or people.

Discrimination

Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Racism

An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race.

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Sexism

An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex.

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Task Leadership

Leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals.

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Social Leadership

Leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.

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Leadership

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

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In-group Bias

The tendency to favor one's own group.

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Categorization

Classifying people into groups based on perceived similarities and differences.

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Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

The perception of outgroup members as more similar to each other than ingroup members.

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Own-Race Bias

The tendency for people to more easily recognize faces of their own race.

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Distinctiveness

Perceiving people who stand out from the crowd.

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Attribution

We attribute others' behavior to their internal traits, even if situational factors play a bigger role.

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Group-Serving Bias

Explaining away positive behaviors of outgroup members and attributing negative ones to their disposition.

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Just-World Phenomenon

People tend to believe that the world is fair and that they get what they deserve, even if it's not true.

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Weapons Effect

The tendency for the presence of weapons to increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

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Media Violence and Imitation

Exposure to violent media can lead to imitation of violent behavior, especially in children.

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Pornography and Sexual Aggression

Watching pornography can distort perceptions of sexual coercion and increase aggression towards women.

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Pornography and Relationships

Repeated exposure to explicit sexual content can decrease attraction to a partner, increase acceptance of infidelity, and lead to viewing women in a sexualized manner.

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Gun Control and Crime

Laws restricting firearm sales have been shown to correlate with reductions in gun crime.

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Stereotype Threat

A disruptive concern that arises when a person faces a negative stereotype, fearing they will be judged according to it.

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Self-Confirming Social Beliefs

The idea that beliefs about groups can influence the way people act towards those groups, which in turn can confirm those beliefs.

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Aggression

Hurtful behavior intended to cause physical or emotional harm to another person.

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Physical Aggression

Direct physical harm to another person.

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Social Aggression

Behavior aimed at hurting someone's feelings or threatening their social relationships.

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Hostile Aggression

Aggression that arises from anger with the goal of causing harm.

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Instrumental Aggression

Aggression that is motivated by wanting to achieve something else.

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Instinctive View of Aggression

The idea that aggression is a natural, unlearned behavior in all members of a species.

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Social Scripts

A basic model for how to act in a specific social scenario.

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The Need to Belong

A strong desire to form bonds with others and be part of a group.

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Proximity

The idea that people form friendships and feel attracted to others who are geographically close to them, increasing the chances for interaction.

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Interaction

How often people interact with each other, significantly impacting their liking or disliking of each other.

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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

A theory that proposes that love is a combination of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Each of these components can be combined to create different types of love.

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Romantic love

A type of love that is characterized by intense feelings of physical attraction and desire. It is often associated with early stages of a relationship.

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Companionate love

A type of love that is based on deep friendship, mutual respect, and a strong bond. It is built on shared experiences and mutual support.

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Fatuous love

A type of love that is characterized by strong feelings of passion and commitment, but lacks intimacy and emotional depth. It is often superficial and based on passion.

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Consummate love

The ideal type of love that encompasses all three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. It is characterized by deep emotional connection, strong physical attraction, and a strong commitment to the relationship.

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Study Notes

Group Influence

  • Two or more people who interact and influence one another, perceiving each other as "us."
  • Groups fulfill human needs for affiliation, achievement, and social identity.
  • Social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation are effects of others' presence.

Social Facilitation

  • Improved performance on simple tasks when others are present (dominant response).
  • Impaired performance on complex tasks when others are present.
  • Evaluation apprehension and distraction contribute to social arousal.

Social Loafing

  • Reduced individual effort when working towards a common goal as part of a group.
  • Free riders benefit without contributing.

Deindividuation

  • Reduced self-awareness and accountability in group settings.
  • Factors include group size, anonymity, and arousing/distracting activities.

Group Polarization

  • Group decisions tend to be more extreme than individual members' initial opinions.
  • Driven by informational influence (accepting evidence) and normative influence (desire for acceptance).

Groupthink

  • Groups may prioritize harmony over critical thinking to maintain consensus.
  • Illusion of invulnerability, unquestioned belief in morality, rationalization, stereotyped views of opponents, pressure to conform, self-censorship, and illusion of unanimity are symptoms.

Prejudice

  • A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its members.
  • Stereotypes, generalizations about people (often inaccurate or overgeneralized), discrimination, and prejudice can arise from prejudice.
  • Social inequalities, social dominance orientation, and socialization can cause prejudice.

Aggression

  • Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
  • Types: physical, social, hostile, instrumental.
  • Theories: instinctive, frustration-aggression, social learning.
  • Influences: biological, psychological, and social factors.

Attraction and Intimacy

  • Proximity: physical nearness leads to liking.
  • Interaction: increased interaction increases liking.
  • Similarity: shared attitudes and interests foster attraction.
  • Physical attractiveness: is a significant factor.
  • Reward theory: we like those who reward us.
  • Sternberg's triangle theory: love comprises intimacy, passion, and commitment.

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