Psychology Conditioning and Learning Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the core process behind the transformation of a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus?

Repeated connections with an unconditioned stimulus (correct)

Stimulus discrimination

Spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization

When a person exhibits a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus, what concept is being demonstrated?

Spontaneous recovery

Stimulus generalization (correct)

Systematic desensitization

Discrimination learning

A patient who initially fears surgery experiences a return of this anxiety upon seeing medical instruments again after a long period. Which concept is best illustrated by this scenario?

Discrimination learning

Stimulus generalization

Systematic desensitization

Spontaneous recovery (correct)

What learning process enables an individual to respond differently to similar but non-identical stimuli?

Discrimination learning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of gradually reducing the fear by facing it bit by bit?

Systematic desensitization Signup and view all the answers

If a dog salivates at the sound of a specific bell, but also salivates somewhat to similar sounding chimes, what concept is being demonstrated?

Stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains why a person with diabetes can tell the difference between feeling tired and feeling the specific symptoms of low blood sugar?

Discrimination learning Signup and view all the answers

A person's fear of a specific insect resurfaces after several years, even when the person had no recent encounters. What does this scenario exemplify?

Spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of systematic desensitization?

Gradually exposing someone to a feared stimulus in a controlled manner. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the role of a reinforcer?

To follow a response to either increase or decrease the probability of that behavior occurring again. Signup and view all the answers

How does escape conditioning differ from avoidance conditioning?

Escape conditioning is a behavior to stop an ongoing unpleasant stimulus, while avoidance conditioning is behavior designed to prevent an anticipated unpleasant stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive learning theory, what is the primary driver of learning?

The active processing and application of information by the individual. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'going back to the old environment' imply in behavioral change?

It can trigger old habits and hinder progress. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a major element in motivation?

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an educator, according to provided text?

To organize experiences and make them meaningful for the learner. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when someone uses humor to stop being bullied?

Escape Conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines 'learning' according to the provided text?

A change in mental processing, skills, and behavior as a result of experience. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of learning theories?

To offer a framework that describes, explains, or predicts how people learn. Signup and view all the answers

In behaviorist learning theory, what is the primary focus for changing behavior?

Altering environmental stimuli and reinforcements following a response. Signup and view all the answers

According to behaviorist theory, which of the following primarily serves as the motivator for learning?

Rewards and incentives. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the educator when applying behaviorist learning theory?

To manipulate environmental stimuli and reinforcements to direct change. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes ‘respondent conditioning’?

A type of learning that occurs as an organism responds to stimulus conditions and forms associations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'transfer' in the context of behaviorist learning theory?

To practice and provide stimulus conditions and responses with a new solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a practical application of psychological learning theories?

Guiding nursing practices by teaching patients information that involves thought, emotions, and social interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of motor learning in comparison to psychological learning?

Motor learning focuses on the acquisition or relearning of skills, whereas psychological learning involves thoughts and feelings. Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that 'unlearning' is explained in the content provided?

Replacing faulty or outdated behavior with more accurate information and healthier behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, which component of personality operates on the reality principle?

Ego Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a defense mechanism according to the provided text?

Rationalization Signup and view all the answers

A significant amount of adult behavior is rooted in:

Childhood experiences and conflicts Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Failure to resolve these stages can affect an individual throughout their adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neuropsychology, learning is viewed as involving:

Changes in the brain and central nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors affect learning?

Emotions and physiological arousal Signup and view all the answers

Within a Humanistic Learning approach, the primary focus is more on:

How a person feels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT something a humanistic educator would focus on?

Dictating a set learning path Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the cognitive stage of motor learning?

The learner is developing an understanding of the skill and associated movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to interfere with or stimulate learning?

Stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for forming strong learning connections?

Meaningful practice. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the autonomous stage of motor learning?

Learners demonstrate advanced proficiency and perform the skill automatically. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between massed practice and distributed practice?

Massed practice involves intense short sessions while distributed practice spaces it out over shorter sessions Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes the importance of extrinsic rewards and external incentives?

Behaviorist Theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which approach to learning suggests that individuals actively 'mediate' information?

Transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of Gestalt theory regarding how individuals perceive information?

Psychological organization is directed towards simplicity and equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Using mnemonic devices to aid in recall is most closely associated with which learning theory?

Information Processing Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes a child’s belief that everything revolves around them?

Ego centrism Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget's theory of cognitive learning emphasize?

Building new schemas through interactions with the environment Signup and view all the answers

Vicarious reinforcement, in Social Learning Theory, can be best described as:

Learning by observing others' behavior and the consequences of that behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the core focus of Social Constructivism?

The influence of social and cultural contexts on individual reality Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the social cognition perspective on learning?

Highlighting the role of social factors on thought and perception Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective introduced the concept of 'emotional intelligence'?

Cognitive-emotional perspective Signup and view all the answers

In psychodynamic learning theory, where can the origin of behavior be found?

In both conscious and unconscious thoughts Signup and view all the answers

What is 'fixation' in the context of learning obstacles?

Getting stuck on a past issue, hindering progress Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon of a patient seeing a nurse as someone from their past, e.g. a family member?

Transference Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative consequence of a behaviorist approach?

It may hinder learners’ self-initiative Signup and view all the answers

According to Gagne's nine events of instruction, what should educators do when considering ‘cognitive load’?

Simplify information so it's not too overwhelming Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Applying Learning Theories to Healthcare Practice

Learning involves changes in mental processing, emotions, skills, and behavior due to experience. It includes acquiring new knowledge and changing existing thoughts and feelings.
Learning theory is a coherent framework that describes, explains, or predicts how people learn. It provides guidance on teaching and learning methods.
Different psychological learning theories, like motor learning, have direct application in nursing practice, helping people acquire or relearn skills.

Behavioral Learning Theory

Views learning as a product of stimulus-response relationships.
Changing stimulus conditions and reinforcements can modify behavior.
Motivation is often used in conjunction with other methods (e.g. rewards).
Educators are active participants, manipulating environmental stimuli and reinforcements to guide learning.

Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning)

Learning occurs through association of stimuli.
A stimulus elicits a response after repeated pairing with a new stimulus.
This type of learning involves association, classical or pavlovian conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Another sub-type of behavioral learning focuses on consequences of behavior.
Behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences are strengthened.
This method is useful in creating a new solution and involves practicing stimuli conditions.

Cognitive Learning Theory

Emphasis is on the active role of individuals in the learning process.
Learning isn't solely a result of external factors, but also internal processes (thinking, problem solving, and attention).
Rewards are not essential for learning to occur, but the context, application, and meaning-making processes are.
Educators arrange and make experiences/information meaningful to learners.

Learning can occur through observation and modeling.
Social interaction, modeling, and experience are vital to learning.
Role modeling is important to guide learning by either rewarding or punishing behavior.

Information Processing

Emphasizes the thought processes involved in learning.
How information is encountered, stored, and used is a determining factor of successful learning.

Cognitive Development Perspective

This perspective emphasizes the influence of age and stage on learning.
Age, maturity, and cognitive stage are important to how learning occurs and how instructors should approach students.

Learners create their understanding of the world through social interaction.
Individuals build knowledge through interactions with the environment, others, and culture.

Neuropsychology and Learning

The study examines psychological behavior through neurological assessments.
It emphasizes the involvement of the brain and nervous system in learning and how emotions and physical arousal impact the learning process

Motor Learning

This is useful in teaching skilled movements, where reflex, muscle memory, and cognitive stages are key.
Practice schedules like massed or distributed practice are helpful.

Social factors such as perception, motivation, and empathy significantly impact learning.
Learning is affected by previous experience, emotions, and environment.

Psychodynamic Learning Theory

Focuses on unconscious motivations, drives, and conflicts that potentially affect learning.
Stages of development influence learning and behavior.
Past experiences are crucial in human behavior.

Humanistic Learning Theory

Emphasizes the importance of meeting learners' needs and fostering their self-determination in learning.
Self-actualization and personal growth are important aspects of humanistic theory.
Focusing on motivations and feeling, rather than knowledge, as a driving factor of learning.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of classical conditioning and learning theory in psychology. This quiz covers topics such as conditioned stimuli, extinction, generalization, and response differentiation. Prepare to explore the mechanisms behind learned fears and responses!