Psychology Conditioning and Learning Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the core process behind the transformation of a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus?

  • Repeated connections with an unconditioned stimulus (correct)
  • Stimulus discrimination
  • Spontaneous recovery
  • Stimulus generalization

When a person exhibits a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus, what concept is being demonstrated?

  • Spontaneous recovery
  • Stimulus generalization (correct)
  • Systematic desensitization
  • Discrimination learning

A patient who initially fears surgery experiences a return of this anxiety upon seeing medical instruments again after a long period. Which concept is best illustrated by this scenario?

  • Discrimination learning
  • Stimulus generalization
  • Systematic desensitization
  • Spontaneous recovery (correct)

What learning process enables an individual to respond differently to similar but non-identical stimuli?

<p>Discrimination learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of gradually reducing the fear by facing it bit by bit?

<p>Systematic desensitization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a dog salivates at the sound of a specific bell, but also salivates somewhat to similar sounding chimes, what concept is being demonstrated?

<p>Stimulus generalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains why a person with diabetes can tell the difference between feeling tired and feeling the specific symptoms of low blood sugar?

<p>Discrimination learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person's fear of a specific insect resurfaces after several years, even when the person had no recent encounters. What does this scenario exemplify?

<p>Spontaneous recovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of systematic desensitization?

<p>Gradually exposing someone to a feared stimulus in a controlled manner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is the role of a reinforcer?

<p>To follow a response to either increase or decrease the probability of that behavior occurring again. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does escape conditioning differ from avoidance conditioning?

<p>Escape conditioning is a behavior to stop an ongoing unpleasant stimulus, while avoidance conditioning is behavior designed to prevent an anticipated unpleasant stimulus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive learning theory, what is the primary driver of learning?

<p>The active processing and application of information by the individual. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'going back to the old environment' imply in behavioral change?

<p>It can trigger old habits and hinder progress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a major element in motivation?

<p>Punishment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an educator, according to provided text?

<p>To organize experiences and make them meaningful for the learner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when someone uses humor to stop being bullied?

<p>Escape Conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines 'learning' according to the provided text?

<p>A change in mental processing, skills, and behavior as a result of experience. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of learning theories?

<p>To offer a framework that describes, explains, or predicts how people learn. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behaviorist learning theory, what is the primary focus for changing behavior?

<p>Altering environmental stimuli and reinforcements following a response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to behaviorist theory, which of the following primarily serves as the motivator for learning?

<p>Rewards and incentives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the educator when applying behaviorist learning theory?

<p>To manipulate environmental stimuli and reinforcements to direct change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes ‘respondent conditioning’?

<p>A type of learning that occurs as an organism responds to stimulus conditions and forms associations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'transfer' in the context of behaviorist learning theory?

<p>To practice and provide stimulus conditions and responses with a new solution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a practical application of psychological learning theories?

<p>Guiding nursing practices by teaching patients information that involves thought, emotions, and social interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of motor learning in comparison to psychological learning?

<p>Motor learning focuses on the acquisition or relearning of skills, whereas psychological learning involves thoughts and feelings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that 'unlearning' is explained in the content provided?

<p>Replacing faulty or outdated behavior with more accurate information and healthier behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, which component of personality operates on the reality principle?

<p>Ego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a defense mechanism according to the provided text?

<p>Rationalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant amount of adult behavior is rooted in:

<p>Childhood experiences and conflicts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

<p>Failure to resolve these stages can affect an individual throughout their adulthood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neuropsychology, learning is viewed as involving:

<p>Changes in the brain and central nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors affect learning?

<p>Emotions and physiological arousal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within a Humanistic Learning approach, the primary focus is more on:

<p>How a person feels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT something a humanistic educator would focus on?

<p>Dictating a set learning path (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the cognitive stage of motor learning?

<p>The learner is developing an understanding of the skill and associated movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to interfere with or stimulate learning?

<p>Stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for forming strong learning connections?

<p>Meaningful practice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the autonomous stage of motor learning?

<p>Learners demonstrate advanced proficiency and perform the skill automatically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between massed practice and distributed practice?

<p>Massed practice involves intense short sessions while distributed practice spaces it out over shorter sessions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which learning theory emphasizes the importance of extrinsic rewards and external incentives?

<p>Behaviorist Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which approach to learning suggests that individuals actively 'mediate' information?

<p>Transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of Gestalt theory regarding how individuals perceive information?

<p>Psychological organization is directed towards simplicity and equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using mnemonic devices to aid in recall is most closely associated with which learning theory?

<p>Information Processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes a child’s belief that everything revolves around them?

<p>Ego centrism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Piaget's theory of cognitive learning emphasize?

<p>Building new schemas through interactions with the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vicarious reinforcement, in Social Learning Theory, can be best described as:

<p>Learning by observing others' behavior and the consequences of that behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the core focus of Social Constructivism?

<p>The influence of social and cultural contexts on individual reality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the social cognition perspective on learning?

<p>Highlighting the role of social factors on thought and perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective introduced the concept of 'emotional intelligence'?

<p>Cognitive-emotional perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychodynamic learning theory, where can the origin of behavior be found?

<p>In both conscious and unconscious thoughts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'fixation' in the context of learning obstacles?

<p>Getting stuck on a past issue, hindering progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon of a patient seeing a nurse as someone from their past, e.g. a family member?

<p>Transference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative consequence of a behaviorist approach?

<p>It may hinder learners’ self-initiative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gagne's nine events of instruction, what should educators do when considering ‘cognitive load’?

<p>Simplify information so it's not too overwhelming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Learning

A change in mental processes, emotional functioning, skills, and behavior resulting from experience.

Learning

The acquisition of new knowledge and altering thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Unlearning

Replacing outdated or incorrect behavior with accurate information and healthier practices.

Learning Theory

A framework that explains and predicts how people learn, using principles and ideas.

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Behaviorist Learning Theory

A theory suggesting that learning is the result of stimulus-response interactions.

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Motivation

A key component of Behaviorist Learning Theory, where rewards or incentives drive behavior change.

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Educator Role

A crucial aspect of Behaviorist Learning Theory, where an instructor or teacher manipulates the environment to influence learning.

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Transfer

The practice of transferring learned skills and behaviors from one situation to another.

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Respondent Conditioning

A subtheory of Behaviorist Learning focused on associating a neutral stimulus with a conditioned response.

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Respondent Conditioning Process

The gradual process of learning through repeated pairings of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

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Systematic Desensitization

A method to reduce fear or anxiety by gradually exposing someone to the feared stimulus in a controlled way. It involves creating a hierarchy of fear-inducing situations and gradually working through them.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where a behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow. It's about learning to associate actions with rewards or punishments.

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Escape Conditioning

A type of operant conditioning where a behavior is increased because it allows the individual to escape an unpleasant stimulus.

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Avoidance Conditioning

A type of operant conditioning where a behavior is increased because it avoids an unpleasant stimulus. It's about avoiding the uncomfortable situation altogether.

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Cognitive Learning Theory

The process of learning that involves mental processes, like thinking, understanding, and problem-solving. It's about acquiring knowledge and skills through insights and experiences.

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Educator

A person who facilitates learning experiences and makes them meaningful. They organize information and apply it to real-life situations.

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Going Back to the Old Environment

The process of going back to old habits and behaviors when the individual is exposed to the same environment that triggered those habits in the past.

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Extinction

When a previously learned behavior is no longer reinforced, it gradually decreases and eventually disappears.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction has occurred.

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Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

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Discrimination Learning

The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one.

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Respondent conditioning therapy

A specific type of therapy based on the principles of respondent conditioning, where the goal is to modify unwanted behaviors and emotional responses.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a conditioned response.

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Motor Learning

A process of learning through repeated practice of a skilled movement, involving three phases: cognitive, associative, and autonomous.

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Cognitive Stage of Motor Learning

The first stage of motor learning, where learners focus on understanding the required task and developing a mental plan.

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Associative Stage of Motor Learning

The second stage of motor learning, characterized by consistent performance, fewer errors, and slower improvement.

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Autonomous Stage of Motor Learning

The final stage of motor learning, where movements become automatic and efficient.

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Prepractice in Motor Learning

The phase before practice begins, including factors like motivation, attention, and preparation.

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Humanistic Learning Theory

A psychological theory that emphasizes the importance of personal growth, choice, and self-actualization in learning.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A model that describes the stages of human needs, starting with the most basic (physiological) and progressing to higher-level needs (self-actualization).

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Feelings in Learning

A key principle in humanistic learning that emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and exploring feelings. It emphasizes how emotions influence learning.

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Educator as Facilitator

In humanistic learning, the educator serves as a guide, facilitator, and supporter. They create a supportive environment and encourage active participation in learning.

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Intrinsic Feedback

A type of feedback that comes from within oneself, based on sensory and perceptual information about a movement or action. It is essential for accurate motor skills development.

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Extrinsic Feedback

A type of feedback that is added or enhanced, often coming from an external source, like a teacher or a tool. It complements intrinsic feedback.

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Neuropsychology and Learning

A branch of psychology that studies the relationship between the brain and behavior, especially in the context of learning. It emphasizes how changes in the brain facilitate learning.

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Emotions and Arousal in Learning

A key concept in neuropsychology, highlighting the impact of emotions and physiological arousal on learning. Emotions can influence how effectively information is acquired and processed.

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Learner-centered model

A learning approach where the learner is at the center and actively constructs their own understanding through experiences, interactions, and reflecting on their learning. It emphasizes learner autonomy, self-direction, and critical thinking.

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Gestalt

A theory that suggests people perceive, interpret, and respond to situations in their own unique way, influenced by their personal experiences and perspectives.

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Information Processing

The process of how information is encountered, processed, stored, and retrieved. It involves thinking, reasoning, and memory functioning.

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Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction

Nine steps that enhance learning: gaining attention, informing learners of the objective, stimulating recall of prior learning, presenting the stimulus, providing learner guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback, assessing performance, and enhancing retention and transfer.

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Schema

A mental model or framework that helps organize and interpret new information. It can limit learning if it's too rigid.

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Ego Centrism

A stage in cognitive development (2-3 years old) where children believe everything revolves around them.

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Social Learning Theory

A theory that emphasizes the role of social factors, such as observation, imitation, and vicarious reinforcement (learning from observing others being rewarded or punished), in shaping behavior.

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Social Constructivism

A constructivist approach that emphasizes the social and cultural influences on learning. Learners actively construct their own understanding through collaborative interactions and negotiations of meaning.

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Social Cognition

A theory that highlights the influence of social factors on our perception, thoughts, and motivation. It explores how emotions impact cognitive processes and behaviors.

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Psychodynamic Learning Theory

A psychodynamic theory that suggests behavior can be conscious or unconscious, influenced by past experiences, relationships, and defense mechanisms.

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Fixation

A state of being stuck on a past issue that prevents moving forward. It can hinder learning and problem-solving.

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Past Conflicts

Emotional baggage from past experiences that can affect focus, motivation, and learning.

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Environment

An environment that is stressful or unsafe can hinder learning.

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Transference and Countertransference

The unconscious transfer of feelings or behaviors from one person to another. In a therapeutic setting, it can occur between patient and nurse.

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Study Notes

Applying Learning Theories to Healthcare Practice

  • Learning involves changes in mental processing, emotions, skills, and behavior due to experience. It includes acquiring new knowledge and changing existing thoughts and feelings.
  • Learning theory is a coherent framework that describes, explains, or predicts how people learn. It provides guidance on teaching and learning methods.
  • Different psychological learning theories, like motor learning, have direct application in nursing practice, helping people acquire or relearn skills.

Behavioral Learning Theory

  • Views learning as a product of stimulus-response relationships.
  • Changing stimulus conditions and reinforcements can modify behavior.
  • Motivation is often used in conjunction with other methods (e.g. rewards).
  • Educators are active participants, manipulating environmental stimuli and reinforcements to guide learning.

Respondent Conditioning (Classical Conditioning)

  • Learning occurs through association of stimuli.
  • A stimulus elicits a response after repeated pairing with a new stimulus.
  • This type of learning involves association, classical or pavlovian conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

  • Another sub-type of behavioral learning focuses on consequences of behavior.
  • Behaviors followed by reinforcing consequences are strengthened.
  • This method is useful in creating a new solution and involves practicing stimuli conditions.

Cognitive Learning Theory

  • Emphasis is on the active role of individuals in the learning process.
  • Learning isn't solely a result of external factors, but also internal processes (thinking, problem solving, and attention).
  • Rewards are not essential for learning to occur, but the context, application, and meaning-making processes are.
  • Educators arrange and make experiences/information meaningful to learners.

Social Learning Theory

  • Learning can occur through observation and modeling.
  • Social interaction, modeling, and experience are vital to learning.
  • Role modeling is important to guide learning by either rewarding or punishing behavior.

Information Processing

  • Emphasizes the thought processes involved in learning.
  • How information is encountered, stored, and used is a determining factor of successful learning.

Cognitive Development Perspective

  • This perspective emphasizes the influence of age and stage on learning.
  • Age, maturity, and cognitive stage are important to how learning occurs and how instructors should approach students.

Social Constructivism

  • Learners create their understanding of the world through social interaction.
  • Individuals build knowledge through interactions with the environment, others, and culture.

Neuropsychology and Learning

  • The study examines psychological behavior through neurological assessments.
  • It emphasizes the involvement of the brain and nervous system in learning and how emotions and physical arousal impact the learning process

Motor Learning

  • This is useful in teaching skilled movements, where reflex, muscle memory, and cognitive stages are key.
  • Practice schedules like massed or distributed practice are helpful.

Social Cognition

  • Social factors such as perception, motivation, and empathy significantly impact learning.
  • Learning is affected by previous experience, emotions, and environment.

Psychodynamic Learning Theory

  • Focuses on unconscious motivations, drives, and conflicts that potentially affect learning.
  • Stages of development influence learning and behavior.
  • Past experiences are crucial in human behavior.

Humanistic Learning Theory

  • Emphasizes the importance of meeting learners' needs and fostering their self-determination in learning.
  • Self-actualization and personal growth are important aspects of humanistic theory.
  • Focusing on motivations and feeling, rather than knowledge, as a driving factor of learning.

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Psychological Learning Theories PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of classical conditioning and learning theory in psychology. This quiz covers topics such as conditioned stimuli, extinction, generalization, and response differentiation. Prepare to explore the mechanisms behind learned fears and responses!

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