Questions and Answers
What does ecological validity refer to?
The extent to which the findings of a research study can be generalized to real-life settings.
What are demand characteristics?
When participants act differently because they know they are in an experiment.
What is referent power?
The ability of a leader to influence a follower based on the follower's loyalty, respect, admiration, or desire to gain approval.
What is the aim of a study?
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What does the experimental hypothesis predict?
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What are confounding variables?
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What is researcher bias?
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What is participant variability?
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What is a target population?
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What defines a representative sample?
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What is a stratified sample?
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What does informed consent in ethics entail?
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What is deception in ethics?
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What happens during debriefing in ethics?
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What does withdrawal from a study (ethics) mean?
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What does confidentiality in ethics mean?
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What is meant by protection from mental or physical harm (ethics)?
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What is validity in research?
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What is cross-cultural validity?
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What does ethnocentric mean?
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What is reliability in research?
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What is triangulation?
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What is a deductive approach?
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What is an inductive approach?
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What does participant bias refer to?
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What is social desirability bias?
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What is overt observation?
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What are repeated measures in experimental design?
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What are independent groups in experimental design?
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What are matched pairs in experimental design?
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What is single blind control?
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What is double blind control?
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Study Notes
Research Methodology Terms
- Ecological Validity: Determines how well research findings can be applied to real-life scenarios.
- Demand Characteristics: Participants’ altered behavior due to awareness of being part of an experiment.
- Aim: The purpose of a study regarding the effect of the independent variable (IV) on the dependent variable (DV).
- Experimental Hypothesis: A statement predicting the relationship between the IV and the DV.
- Confounding Variables: Unwanted variables that impact the relationship between the IV and DV, potentially skewing results.
- Researcher Bias: Influence of the researcher's expectations on study outcomes, consciously or unconsciously.
- Participant Variability: Influence of participant characteristics on the DV, which may distort research results.
Sampling and Population Concepts
- Target Population: The specific group of individuals whose behavior a researcher aims to study.
- Representative Sample: A sample that accurately reflects the broader population.
- Stratified Sample: A type of sampling where participants are randomly selected from different subpopulations.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Informed Consent: Participants must understand the study's nature and willingly agree to participate.
- Deception: Participants may not be fully aware of the study's aims to reduce bias from demand characteristics.
- Debriefing: The process of revealing the study's true purpose to participants after it concludes.
- Withdrawal from a Study: Participants should be made aware of their right to exit the study at any time.
- Confidentiality: Ensures that all information collected in the study remains private.
- Protection from Harm: Fundamental ethical obligation to prevent physical or psychological harm to participants.
Research Validity and Reliability
- Validity: Measures whether the research accurately assesses what it claims.
- Cross-Cultural Validity: Assesses the relevance of a study to multiple cultures, avoiding ethnocentrism.
- Ethnocentric: A viewpoint that considers one culture as superior, impacting generalizability.
- Reliability: The reproducibility of research results under similar conditions.
Data Collection Methods
- Triangulation: Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to enhance data richness.
- Deductive Approach: Testing a hypothesis derived from a theory against empirical evidence.
- Inductive Approach: Develops hypotheses without predefined variables, focusing on data trends.
Bias and Observation Types
- Participant Bias: Adjustments in responses based on perceived appropriateness or expectations.
- Social Desirability Bias: Participants' tendencies to provide favorable responses, skewing true data.
- Overt Observation: Researcher identity known to participants, influencing behavior.
Experimental Design Techniques
- Repeated Measures: Each participant experiences all conditions of the experiment for comparative analysis.
- Independent Groups: Different groups for each condition, facilitating comparison of results between them.
- Matched Pairs: Participants are paired based on specific characteristics to ensure balance across conditions.
- Single Blind Control: Participants are unaware of the study’s purpose to minimize bias.
- Double Blind Control: Both participants and researchers do not know specific study details to prevent biases from influencing results.
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Description
Test your understanding of important psychology concepts with these flashcards. Covering terms like ecological validity, demand characteristics, and referent power, this quiz is perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge. Dive into the world of psychology and see how well you can define these essential terms.