Psychology Flashcards: Extinction Burst & Therapy

Questions and Answers

What is an extinction burst?

This occurs when an individual no longer receives regular reinforcement, so original behavior will spike in a last effort.

What is implosive therapy?

A technique used to aid in phobias by heavily increasing anxiety so that individuals can determine that their fear is irrational.

What does counter conditioning refer to?

Conditioning an unwanted behavior into a wanted behavior or response by associating positive actions.

What is instinctual drift?

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctual behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?

Continuous reinforcement leads to faster extinction. Signup and view all the answers

What is insight learning?

Solving a problem using past skills that you have already learned. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between central and peripheral route processing?

Central route processing engages the listener more deeply. Signup and view all the answers

What is ego depletion?

Using too much self-control will prevent you from using self-control on future tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of reinforcement schedules?

Fixed Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does incongruency signify?

When the real self is not aligned with the ideal self. Signup and view all the answers

List Freud's five stages of psychosexual development.

<ol> <li>Oral stage (0-1), 2. Anal stage (1-3), 3. Phallic stage (3-6), 4. Latent stage (6-12), 5. Genital stage (12+).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are Vygotsky's four elementary functions?

Memory, Attention, Perception, Sensation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development?

<ol> <li>Preconventional, 2. Conventional, 3. Post conventional.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is socialization?

The process by which people learn the attitudes, behaviors, and values expected by their community and culture. Signup and view all the answers

What did George Mead develop?

The idea of social behaviorism. Signup and view all the answers

List Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

<ol> <li>Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1), 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3), 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6), 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12), 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20), 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40), 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65), 8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+).</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is impression management?

The attempt of people to control how others view us. Signup and view all the answers

What is anthropomorphism?

Attributing human characteristics to non-human animals. Signup and view all the answers

What does inclusive fitness refer to?

Changes in a population that make it more likely for an offspring to succeed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mere exposure effect?

Repeated exposure to individuals or objects that increase our chances of liking it. Signup and view all the answers

What is projection bias?

Assuming that others share the same beliefs that we have. Signup and view all the answers

What is false consensus?

The tendency where you think everyone agrees with your opinion. Signup and view all the answers

What is assortative mating?

Choosing a spouse with similar characteristics as you. Signup and view all the answers

What are social scripts?

Instructions provided by society on how to act. Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's monkey experiment demonstrate?

Attachment to a mother has to do with comfort levels and not food. Signup and view all the answers

What is the conservative view of institutions?

Institutions are natural byproducts of human nature. Signup and view all the answers

What does sick role theory describe?

When you're sick, you're allowed to take a break. Signup and view all the answers

What is a social construct?

Concepts in society that everyone agrees to treat a certain way regardless of inherent value. Signup and view all the answers

What is rational choice theory?

Weighing costs and benefits against each other to gain the most benefit. Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural lag?

Culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations. Signup and view all the answers

What is normative culture?

Values that are in line with the larger society. Signup and view all the answers

What is life course theory?

A perspective focusing on developmental processes across a person's life. Signup and view all the answers

What does age stratification theory explain?

Behavior is determined by our age group. Signup and view all the answers

What does disengagement theory propose?

Successful elderly people disengage from society as they age. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependency ratio?

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force. Signup and view all the answers

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

An area of the brain that connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Signup and view all the answers

What does Kluver-Bucy syndrome result from?

Destruction of the amygdala. Signup and view all the answers

What is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus?

Olfaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is Vygotsky's view on language and thought?

He believed that language and thought are independent but converge through development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nativist perspective?

Language learning is innate, with a critical period from birth to age 9. Signup and view all the answers

What is the behaviorist theory of language development?

Language acquired through operant conditioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion. Signup and view all the answers

What parts does the hindbrain consist of?

The pons, medulla, and cerebellum. Signup and view all the answers

What precedes fertilization in sperm binding?

Sperm binds to the zona pellucida. Signup and view all the answers

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Activity of the heart and lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the reticular activating system?

Required for consciousness and diffusion of glutamate into the cerebral cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dopamine?

Inhibits prolactin and is involved in reward pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of differential association suggest?

Deviance is a learned behavior resulting from exposure to law-violating individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is strain theory?

If blocked from achieving culturally accepted goals, individuals may turn to deviance. Signup and view all the answers

What does optimism bias refer to?

The belief that bad things happen to others but not to us. Signup and view all the answers

What is recency bias?

Emphasis placed on the most recent actions or performances. Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the looking glass self concept?

Charles Cooley. Signup and view all the answers

What are fads?

Things that gain popularity quickly and lose it just as fast. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of taboos?

Cannibalism and incest. Signup and view all the answers

What are gender scripts?

Socially constructed expectations of behavior based on gender. Signup and view all the answers

What is universalism in the context of language?

The idea that thoughts determine language completely. Signup and view all the answers

What is appraisal stress theory?

Stress arises more from interpretation of the stressor than the physical event. Signup and view all the answers

What is Lazarus' theory of emotion?

Event leads to labeling an event which results in an emotion and physiological response. Signup and view all the answers

What does Schachter's Two-Factor theory state?

Emotion is based on a physiological response and a cognitive label. Signup and view all the answers

What is prosody?

The way something is said influences its meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hiring process in bureaucracy based on?

Qualifications and NOT favoritism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the glass ceiling effect?

Women and other minorities are poorly represented in higher positions. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast intergenerational and intragenerational mobility.

Intragenerational mobility refers to change in social class within a person's lifetime, while intergenerational mobility refers to change in social class between generations. Signup and view all the answers

What is social reproduction?

Transmitting social benefits or inequalities from one generation to the next. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between cultural capital and social capital?

Cultural capital refers to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility, while social capital refers to the network of relationships in a society. Signup and view all the answers

What is political isolation?

Segregated communities are politically weak due to overlapping interests. Signup and view all the answers

What does spatial mismatch refer to?

Opportunities for low socioeconomic status individuals in segregated communities may be present but hard to access. Signup and view all the answers

What is false consciousness?

Awareness of oneself and one's interests only. Signup and view all the answers

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

Regulates the activity of the heart and lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Where is serotonin released from?

Released from raphe nuclei. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinating movements, helping with balance, and fine motor function. Signup and view all the answers

What does the thyroid gland regulate?

Body metabolism and regulating T3 and T4. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. Signup and view all the answers

What are demand characteristics?

Participants in an experiment change their behavior based on what they think the experimenter wants. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Extinction Burst

Refers to an increase in previously reinforced behavior following the absence of reinforcement.
Example: A baby may cry louder when it doesn't receive attention to elicit a response.

Implosive Therapy

A method used to treat phobias by intensifying anxiety, allowing individuals to recognize the irrationality of their fears.
Techniques may include exposure to feared items in exaggerated scenarios.

Counter Conditioning

Involves replacing an undesired behavior with a desired one by pairing it with a pleasant stimulus.
A form of behavior modification targeting unwanted responses.

Instinctual Drift

Describes the phenomenon where an animal reverts to instinctual behaviors that conflict with learned behaviors.
Example: A raccoon may bury coins instead of placing them in a piggy bank.

Continuous vs Partial Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement leads to quick extinction and rapid learning; partial reinforcement results in increased resistance to extinction and slower learning.

Insight Learning

Involves the application of past knowledge or skills to solve a new problem.

Central vs Peripheral Route Processing

Central processing creates lasting attitude change based on deep engagement; peripheral processing leads to temporary changes influenced by superficial cues.

Ego Depletion

Refers to the concept that overuse of self-control can diminish the ability to exert self-discipline in subsequent tasks.

Reinforcement Schedules

Fixed ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses.
Fixed interval: Reinforcement after a set time period.
Variable ratio: Reinforcement on an unpredictable basis, most effective.
Variable interval: Reinforcement after random intervals of time.

Incongruency

Indicates a mismatch between an individual’s real self and their ideal self.

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

Oral stage (0-1): Focus on mouth; issues may lead to oral fixation (e.g., smoking).
Anal stage (1-3): Focus on toilet training; fixation may lead to messiness.
Phallic stage (3-6): Awareness of gender differences, Oedipus and Electra complexes.
Latent stage (6-12): Focus on social interactions and exploration.
Genital stage (12+): Maturation of sexual interests and focus on relationships.

Vygotsky’s Elementary Functions

Identified four fundamental functions in babies: Memory, Attention, Perception, and Sensation (MAPS).

Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages

Preconventional: Focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.
Conventional: Emphasis on conformity and following laws.
Postconventional: Adherence to universal ethical principles, even against the law.

Socialization

The process through which individuals learn cultural norms and values.
Key agents include family, friends, school, work, and media, with family being the most influential.

George Mead's Theory of Self

Introduced concepts of "I" (individual self) and "me" (society's view) to describe self-identity formation through social interaction.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Trust vs Mistrust (0-1), Autonomy vs Shame (1-3), Initiative vs Guilt (3-6), Industry vs Inferiority (6-12), Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20), Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40), Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65), Integrity vs Despair (65+).

Impression Management

The effort to control how one is perceived by others in social interactions.

Anthropomorphism

Assigning human traits or emotions to non-human entities, like pets.

Inclusive Fitness

The concept relating to evolutionary biology, emphasizing traits that enhance offspring survival and reproductive success.

Mere Exposure Effect

Suggests that repeated exposure to an object or person increases our likelihood of liking it.

Projection Bias

The tendency to assume that others share the same beliefs or feelings as oneself.

False Consensus Effect

The belief that one's opinions are widely shared by others.

Assortative Mating

The phenomenon where individuals select partners with similar traits or characteristics.

Culturally prescribed behaviors expected in specific situations.

Harlow's Monkeys

Experiments demonstrating the importance of comfort in mother-child attachment, highlighting that emotional support is more crucial than food.

Conservative View of Institutions

Suggests that institutions arise naturally from inherent human behavior.

Sick Role Theory

Discusses the societal role of individuals when they are sick, allowing for temporary withdrawal from responsibilities.

Concepts defined by societal agreements, often regarding race, gender, or social norms.

Rational Choice Theory

Suggests individuals make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis to maximize personal benefit.

Culture Lag

The delay in societal adaptation to technological advancements.

Normative Culture

Describes cultural values that align with broader societal norms.

Life Course Theory

Focuses on the impacts of life experiences on development and social outcomes across a person's lifetime.

Age Stratification Theory

Proposes that behavior is influenced by age groups within societal context.

Disengagement Theory

Suggests that successful aging involves a natural withdrawal from social engagement.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of individuals not in the labor force (under 15 and over 64) to those who are.

Arcuate Fasciculus

A brain region connecting Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas; damage can cause conduction aphasia.

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Results from amygdala damage, leading to abnormal behaviors like hypersexuality.

Sense Bypassing Thalamus

Olfaction (sense of smell) is unique as it directly bypasses the thalamus.

Vygotsky's View on Language

Proposed that language and thought develop independently but converge through social interaction.

Nativist Perspective

Argues that language acquisition is an innate ability, with optimal learning occurring before age 9.

Behaviorist Theory of Language Development

B.F. Skinner's view that language is learned through operant conditioning.

Temporal Lobe Functions

Involved in sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotional responses.

Hindbrain Composition

Comprises pons, medulla, and cerebellum, with the cerebellum focusing on coordination and balance.

Sperm Binding and Fertilization

Initial binding to the zona pellucida triggers the acrosome and cortical reactions, preventing polyspermy.

Medulla Oblongata Function

Controls autonomic functions related to heart and lung activity.

Reticular Activating System

Essential for consciousness and involves glutamate projection to the cerebral cortex.

Dopamine Roles

Inhibits prolactin and is involved in movement and reward; imbalances relate to disorders like Parkinson's and schizophrenia.

Differential Association Theory

Suggests that deviant behavior is learned through exposure to others who violate laws.

Strain Theory

Proposes that blocked pathways to culturally accepted goals can lead to deviant behavior as a coping mechanism.

Optimism Bias

The belief that negative events are less likely to affect oneself compared to others.

Recency Bias

Suggests that recent actions or performances disproportionately influence perceptions of an individual’s abilities.

Charles Cooley's Looking Glass Self

Concept highlighting the self-image shaped by the perceptions of others, consisting of appearance, judgment, and the resulting self-feeling.

Fads

Short-lived phenomena characterized by rapid rise and decline in popularity.

Taboos

Actions considered unacceptable or prohibited by society, like incest or cannibalism.

Gender Scripts

Expectations and behaviors constructed around gender roles in society.

Universalism

The belief that thoughts completely determine language structure and use.

Appraisal Stress Theory

Stresses that interpretations of events influence stress levels, encompassing primary (evaluation of the stressor) and secondary (resource assessment) appraisals.

Lazarus' Theory of Emotion

Emotion arises from interpreting an event followed by a physiological response.

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

Emotional experience results from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Prosody

The nuances in speech (tone, intonation) significantly shape meaning, conveying emotions like irony.

Bureaucratic Hiring Process

Staffing decisions based on objective qualifications rather than personal connections or favoritism.

Glass Ceiling Effect

Refers to the barriers preventing women and minorities from ascending to higher organizational roles.

Intergenerational vs Intragenerational Mobility

Intragenerational mobility reflects social class changes within a single person's lifetime; intergenerational mobility indicates changes between different generations.

The transmission of social inequalities across generations, leading to similar socioeconomic statuses for offspring.

Cultural capital includes non-financial assets that can enhance social mobility; social capital pertains to social networks and relationships.

Political Isolation

Politically marginalized communities often lack shared interests with surrounding groups, weakening their political power.

Spatial Mismatch

Discrepancy where job opportunities exist in low socioeconomic areas but accessibility is limited.

False Consciousness

Limited awareness of one's interests and social position, inhibiting recognition of broader societal struggles.

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Test your knowledge on key psychology concepts with this flashcard quiz. Focus on terms like Extinction Burst and Implosive Therapy that are crucial for understanding behavioral responses and therapeutic techniques. Ideal for students studying psychology or those preparing for exams.