Psychology Factor Analysis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What must measures demonstrate to ensure their quality?

  • Novelty and creativity
  • Reliability and validity (correct)
  • Complexity and length
  • Flexibility and adaptability

What is not typically considered a characteristic of factors in factor analysis?

  • They can represent latent constructs
  • They can be interpreted easily (correct)
  • They are necessarily real (correct)
  • They may not have straightforward interpretations

What is a key question regarding the reliability of subscales?

  • Are the subscales fully independent?
  • Are they consistently measuring the same thing? (correct)
  • Do they cover a wide range of topics?
  • Are they valid across different cultures?

Which aspect is emphasized by Meehl (1993) in relation to factor analysis?

<p>The importance of interpreting factors correctly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does latent refer to in the context of factor analysis?

<p>Hidden constructs that influence measurement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Big Five Inventory (BFI)?

<p>To assess different aspects of personality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the subscales assessed by the BFI?

<p>Emotional Intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question is typically used in exploratory factor analysis?

<p>How many factors are there in the dataset? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an eigenvalue of 3.5 indicate about a factor in factor analysis?

<p>The factor explains as much variance as 3.5 observed variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows after determining how many factors to keep in a factor analysis?

<p>Identify observed variables linked to those factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychometrics?

<p>To construct assessment tools and measurement instruments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a latent variable?

<p>An inferred construct not directly observed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical test theory, what does the observed score represent?

<p>The combination of true score and error. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of factor analysis in psychometrics?

<p>To simplify data by identifying underlying latent variables. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a latent variable?

<p>Survey responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) help to do in psychometrics?

<p>Connect observable phenomena to theoretical attributes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can we infer a latent variable, such as depression, according to the content provided?

<p>Through self-reported questionnaires and associated behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand test reliability and validity?

<p>To confirm that tests accurately measure what they are intended to measure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does test-retest reliability assess?

<p>The correlation of performance at two different time points (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reliability measure evaluates the internal consistency of a set of scale items?

<p>Cronbach’s alpha (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What range of values can Cronbach's alpha take, and what does it signify?

<p>0 to 1, where 0 indicates no overlap and 1 indicates complete overlap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT an assumption that could bias Cronbach's alpha?

<p>Items measure multiple constructs simultaneously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of validity examines whether a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct?

<p>Concurrent validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to test construct validity?

<p>Predictive correlations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a factor that can violate the assumptions of Cronbach's alpha?

<p>Correlated error terms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reliability method evaluates whether different raters use a test in the same way?

<p>Interrater reliability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Latent variable

A theoretical concept or attribute that cannot be directly observed but is inferred from measurements of multiple observable variables.

Psychometrics

A scientific discipline dealing with the construction of assessment tools and measurement instruments to connect observed phenomena with underlying traits.

Factor analysis

A statistical method used to identify underlying factors or latent variables that explain the correlations among a set of observed variables.

Classical Test Theory

The observed score on a test is the true score plus error.

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Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

A model that uses observed variables to estimate the latent variable and its associated error.

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Dimensionality Reduction

The variation in a set of observed variables can often be explained by a smaller number of underlying latent variables.

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Factor Loading

The proportion of variance in a set of observed variables that is explained by a latent variable.

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Test Reliability

The extent to which a test consistently measures the same construct over time or across different administrations.

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Eigenvalue

The amount of variance that a factor explains compared to one individual variable.

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis

A type of factor analysis where you test a specific model with a pre-defined number of factors.

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Observed Variables

The observed variables are measured and expected to represent the latent variable.

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Test-retest Reliability

A measure of how consistent a test is over time. It is assessed by administering the same test twice (with a reasonable time interval between administrations) and calculating the correlation between the two sets of scores.

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Internal Consistency

A measure of how consistently different parts of a test measure the same construct. It is assessed by dividing the test into multiple sections and examining the correlation between scores on those sections.

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Interrater Reliability

A measure of how consistently different raters use the same test to assess the same construct. It is assessed by having multiple raters score the same test and examining the correlation between their scores.

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Cronbach's Alpha

A statistical measure of internal consistency that examines the average correlation between all possible pairs of items on a test.

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Tau Equivalence

The assumption that all items on a test contribute equally to the total score when calculating Cronbach's Alpha.

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Concurrent Validity

A type of validity that examines whether a measure correlates with other measures of the same construct.

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Predictive Validity

A type of validity that examines whether a measure predicts future outcomes that are related to the construct.

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Construct Validity

A type of validity that examines the extent to which a measure accurately reflects the underlying construct it is intended to measure.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Statistics - Psychological Measurement

  • The lecture covered introduction to statistics and psychological measurement.
  • The focus was on latent variables, factor analysis, reliability, and validity of psychological tests.
  • The lecture introduced the concept of latent variables, which are unobserved variables that are inferred from observed variables.
  • Psychometrics is defined as a scientific discipline that focuses on the construction of assessment tools.
  • Specific examples of latent variables, such as intelligence, happiness and extraversion, were discussed.
  • A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework was mentioned, similar to Twin Modeling.
  • The lecture also highlighted the importance of factor analysis in identifying underlying factors.
  • Participants were encouraged to consider the practical use of questionnaires, such as the Big Five Inventory (BFI), which measures personality traits.
  • The Big Five (OCEAN) personality traits - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism -were highlighted using a diagram displaying their relationship to different components.
  • The distinction between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was explained. Exploratory factor analysis is used to identify the number and nature of factors in a dataset, while confirmatory factor analysis assesses the fit of a pre-specified factor model to the data.
  • Steps to conduct factor analysis were explained.
  • The core concept and utility of using R Studio for data analysis in factor analysis.
  • The presentation emphasised that measuring latent factors using questionnaires like the BFI might be complicated.
  • Potential criticisms of factor analysis concerning interpretation were identified.
  • Possible alternative measures and resources to evaluate reliability, such as Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, split half-reliability, and inter-rater reliability, were described.
  • The relationship between reliability and validity and how the observed scores are related to observed scores consisting of true variance and error were demonstrated.
  • Different kinds of validity were discussed, like face validity, concurrent validity and predictive validity.
  • Issues related to constructing validity were elaborated in relation to Cronbach & Meehl (1955) and their studies on testing construct validity.
  • The concept of the nomological net for assessing construct validity was explained.

Different Kinds of Reliability

  • The lecture also discussed different kinds of reliability, including test-retest, internal consistency, split-half, and inter-rater reliability.
  • Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of a test over time.
  • Internal consistency examines the degree to which different parts of a test measure the same construct.
  • Split-half reliability measures the consistency between halves of a test, while inter-rater reliability assesses the consistency across different raters.

Cronbach's Alpha

  • Cronbach's alpha is the most common reliability measure.
  • The lecture highlighted the significance and use of this in psychological measurement.
  • Cronbach's alpha measures the internal consistency of a set of items in a scale.

Validity

  • The lecture addressed various validity types, including face, concurrent, and predictive validity.
  • Construct validity methods discussed including; group differences, changes over time and studies of process.

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Introduction to Statistics - Psychological Measurement - PDF

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