Social Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What was one method used to reduce conflict between the teams?

Insults and fights

Superordinate goals (correct)

Burning flags

Prizes and trophies

The contact hypothesis always works to reduce conflict between groups.

False

What were the two specific superordinate goals mentioned in the findings?

Fixing the water supply and unsticking the food truck.

The Milgram Experiment aimed to investigate how far individuals would go when told to do something by a ______.

superior Signup and view all the answers

What outcome emerged from the competition between the groups?

Increased cooperation Signup and view all the answers

Match the findings to their descriptions:

Superordinate goals = Goals that both sides care about Milgram Experiment = Study of obedience to authority Conflict Reduction Phase = Contact hypothesis didn't work Recreation project = Diverse groups became close Signup and view all the answers

The recreation project led to increased tensions among the boys.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who created the recreation project involving boys of different religious backgrounds?

Psychologist Lotfi Diab Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of students turned up on the day of the experiment?

95% Signup and view all the answers

All students were informed of the experiment's start time before agreeing to participate.

False Signup and view all the answers

What time did the psychology experiment start?

7am Signup and view all the answers

Initially, _____% of students agreed to participate in the experiment.

40 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following student responses to their likelihood to participate:

First group = 40% participation Students who turned up = 95% attendance Signup and view all the answers

What is the Door-in-the-Face technique?

Refusing a large request and then agreeing to a smaller one. Signup and view all the answers

The Pareidolia phenomenon relates to the ability to recognize faces.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the experiment demonstrating the Door-in-the-Face technique?

Cialdini Signup and view all the answers

In the Door-in-the-Face technique, the first request is typically __________.

large Signup and view all the answers

Match the social psychology concepts with their descriptions:

Cialdini's Experiment = Demonstrated Door-in-the-Face technique Pareidolia = Recognition of faces in random patterns Compliance Rate = Percentage of participants agreeing to requests Negotiation = Discussion aimed at reaching an agreement Signup and view all the answers

In Cialdini's experiment, what was the initial request made to one group?

To be mentors for prisoners Signup and view all the answers

Refusing a large request guarantees agreement on a smaller request.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of applying the Door-in-the-Face technique in a negotiation scenario?

Asking for a 20% pay raise followed by a request for a 10% pay raise. Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Philip Zimbardo Signup and view all the answers

Social loafing refers to the phenomenon where individuals exert more effort when working in a group than when working alone.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to their disposition rather than to situational factors. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ Principle suggests that people are attracted to others who are similar to them.

Similarity Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychologists with their contributions:

Philip Zimbardo = Role Internalization Stanley Milgram = Following orders from superiors Muzafer Sherif = Conflict development Solomon Asch = Conformity Signup and view all the answers

What did the guards wear during the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Khaki outfits and shaded sunglasses Signup and view all the answers

Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute our successes to situational factors.

False Signup and view all the answers

What can social facilitation lead to?

An increase in performance on tasks in the presence of an audience. Signup and view all the answers

When individuals attribute their failures to the __________, it is an example of self-serving bias.

situation Signup and view all the answers

During the Stanford Prison Experiment, how were the prisoners treated initially?

As if they were real prisoners Signup and view all the answers

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals tend to help others more when they are alone than when in a group.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants conformed at least once during the study?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What is attribution theory primarily concerned with?

It deals with how individuals explain the behavior of themselves and others. Signup and view all the answers

Having a confederate in the room decreases conformity among naive subjects.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the critical task participants had to perform in the experiment?

They had to identify which line out of A, B, or C was closest to the standard line. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ Effect is the idea that individuals perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of others.

Social Facilitation Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

Dispositional Attribution = Assumption based on personal traits Situational Attribution = Assumption based on external circumstances Social Loafing = Exerting less effort in group work Reciprocity = Mutual exchange of benefits in relationships Signup and view all the answers

Participants perceived as having _____________ are more likely to conform.

expertise Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for 25% of participants in the conformity study?

They never conformed. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following variables influencing conformity with their effects:

Perceived expertise = Increases conformity Perceived negative reaction = Increases conformity Presence of a confederate = Decreases conformity Unanimity among naive subjects = Increases conformity Signup and view all the answers

Only the majority's size influences conformity levels among naive subjects.

False Signup and view all the answers

What explanation did naive subjects give for their answers after the experiment?

They claimed that the presence of another naive subject did not help them and they would have answered correctly regardless. Signup and view all the answers

What was the prediction about the percentage of subjects that would administer the maximum electric shock of 450 volts?

0.1% Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment, the learner actually experienced real shocks.

False Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon explains why bystanders are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present?

Diffusion of Responsibility Signup and view all the answers

The refusal of group members to act in a social situation is known as ___ ignorance.

pluralistic Signup and view all the answers

Match the experiments with their corresponding findings:

Sheridan & King = Used actual volts on puppies Latane & Darley Smoke Experiment = People ignore smoke in a group Latane & Darley Seizure Experiment = People fail to help when others are present Asch's Study = Examined social influence on opinions Signup and view all the answers

Which command was NOT used to urge the teacher to continue the experiment?

This is extremely important Signup and view all the answers

Conflicting commands from multiple scientists made subjects more likely to obey.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of subjects actually administered the maximum voltage during the study?

65% Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where individuals look to others in a group for cues on how to behave is known as ____.

social influence Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of subject with their characteristics:

Confederate = In on the experiment Naive Subject = Uninformed participant Teacher = Administers the shocks Learner = Receives the shocks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can reduce obedience in an experimental setting?

Presence of peers refusing Signup and view all the answers

In the Bystander Effect, individuals are more likely to act when they are alone compared to when they are with a group.

True Signup and view all the answers

What research aspect did Solomon Asch primarily focus on?

Social forces altering opinions Signup and view all the answers

If a teacher and learner are in the same room, the teacher is more likely to ___ their participation.

refuse Signup and view all the answers

Match the given situations to their corresponding principles:

Kitty Genovese = Bystander Effect Smoke in a room = Pluralistic Ignorance Seizure in a group = Diffusion of Responsibility Electric shock experiment = Obedience to Authority Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Role Internalization: Zimbardo's research on role internalization demonstrates how individuals adopt the roles they are assigned.
Conflict Development: Sherif's research highlights how conflict can emerge between groups.
Obedience to Authority: Milgram's studies on obedience explored the extent to which people follow orders from authority figures, even when those orders conflict with personal values.
Bystander Effect: Latane and Darley's research on the bystander effect details how the presence of others can influence whether people intervene in emergencies.
Conformity: Asch's research on conformity demonstrates the pressure to conform to group norms, even when those norms conflict with personal beliefs.

Social Thinking and Social Behavior: Fritz Heider's research demonstrates the link between social thinking and social behavior, suggesting that we attribute behavior to either stable internal traits or situational factors.
Attribution Theory: The process of attributing behavior to traits or situations is known as attribution theory.
Fundamental Attribution Error: A common error in attribution is the fundamental attribution error, which is a tendency to overemphasize internal factors to explain others' behavior, rather than considering situational factors.
Self-Serving Bias: Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and attribute failures to external factors.

Interpersonal Attraction

Physical Attraction: Physical attraction plays a role in interpersonal attraction.
Similarity Principle: Individuals tend to be attracted to those who are similar to them.

Social Facilitation: Social facilitation describes the tendency for people to perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of others.
Social Loafing: Social loafing is when people exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.

Stanford Prison Experiment

Role Internalization: The Stanford Prison Experiment investigated the role of internalization and its effects on behavior.
The Experiment: Participants were assigned to roles as prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment.
Results: The experiment revealed how easily individuals internalize assigned roles, highlighting a concerning potential for the abusive behavior to occur from participants in the guard roles.

The Milgram Experiment

Obedience to Authority: The Milgram experiment aimed to discover the levels of obedience to authority and how far subjects would go in complying with the orders of an authoritative figure.
Experiment Methodology: The experiment involved participants delivering electric shocks to another person (a confederate).
Results: The results showed that a significant percentage of participants were willing to administer potentially harmful shocks based on authority figures' instructions.

The Asch Conformity Experiment

Conformity to Majority: Asch's experiment investigated conformity to group norms, emphasizing situations of the conflicting desires to fit in and maintain an individual's beliefs.
Experiment Methodology: Participants were placed in a room with several confederates (actors) who intentionally gave incorrect answers to a simple line judgment task.
Results: The results revealed a considerable degree of conformity to the group's incorrect responses.

Realistic Conflict Theory and Robber's Cave Experiments

Conflict Development: Realistic conflict theory proposes that conflict emerges between groups when resources are scarce.
Robber's Cave Experiment: Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment investigated how conflict developed between two groups of boys at a summer camp and how to resolve it through superordinate goals.

Bystander Effect: The bystander effect details how the presence of others can influence whether people intervene in emergencies.
The Experiments related to this effect: Kitty Genovese, Latane & Darley's smoke experiment, and Latane & Darley's seizure experiment explored the situation and investigated this effect.
Bystander Apathy: These experiments revealed bystander apathy, a phenomenon where the presence of others diminishes the likelihood of an individual intervening in a crisis due to diffusion of responsibility.

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Description

Test your knowledge on psychological experiments and conflict resolution strategies. This quiz covers key concepts such as the Milgram Experiment, the contact hypothesis, and specific case studies on group dynamics. Assess your understanding of how superordinate goals can reduce interpersonal tensions and the implications of experimental findings.

Social Psychology

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Podcast

Questions and Answers

What was one method used to reduce conflict between the teams?

The contact hypothesis always works to reduce conflict between groups.

What were the two specific superordinate goals mentioned in the findings?

The Milgram Experiment aimed to investigate how far individuals would go when told to do something by a ______.

What outcome emerged from the competition between the groups?

Match the findings to their descriptions:

The recreation project led to increased tensions among the boys.

Who created the recreation project involving boys of different religious backgrounds?

What percentage of students turned up on the day of the experiment?

All students were informed of the experiment's start time before agreeing to participate.

What time did the psychology experiment start?

Initially, _____% of students agreed to participate in the experiment.

Match the following student responses to their likelihood to participate:

What is the Door-in-the-Face technique?

The Pareidolia phenomenon relates to the ability to recognize faces.

Who conducted the experiment demonstrating the Door-in-the-Face technique?

In the Door-in-the-Face technique, the first request is typically __________.

Match the social psychology concepts with their descriptions:

In Cialdini's experiment, what was the initial request made to one group?

Refusing a large request guarantees agreement on a smaller request.

What is an example of applying the Door-in-the-Face technique in a negotiation scenario?

Who conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Social loafing refers to the phenomenon where individuals exert more effort when working in a group than when working alone.

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

The __________ Principle suggests that people are attracted to others who are similar to them.

Match the following psychologists with their contributions:

What did the guards wear during the Stanford Prison Experiment?

Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute our successes to situational factors.

What can social facilitation lead to?

When individuals attribute their failures to the __________, it is an example of self-serving bias.

During the Stanford Prison Experiment, how were the prisoners treated initially?

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals tend to help others more when they are alone than when in a group.

What percentage of participants conformed at least once during the study?

What is attribution theory primarily concerned with?

Having a confederate in the room decreases conformity among naive subjects.

What was the critical task participants had to perform in the experiment?

The __________ Effect is the idea that individuals perform better on tasks when they are in the presence of others.

Match the terms with their definitions:

Participants perceived as having _____________ are more likely to conform.

What was the outcome for 25% of participants in the conformity study?

Match the following variables influencing conformity with their effects:

Only the majority's size influences conformity levels among naive subjects.

What explanation did naive subjects give for their answers after the experiment?

What was the prediction about the percentage of subjects that would administer the maximum electric shock of 450 volts?

In the experiment, the learner actually experienced real shocks.

What phenomenon explains why bystanders are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present?

The refusal of group members to act in a social situation is known as ___ ignorance.

Match the experiments with their corresponding findings:

Which command was NOT used to urge the teacher to continue the experiment?

Conflicting commands from multiple scientists made subjects more likely to obey.

What percentage of subjects actually administered the maximum voltage during the study?

The phenomenon where individuals look to others in a group for cues on how to behave is known as ____.

Match the type of subject with their characteristics:

Which of the following factors can reduce obedience in an experimental setting?

In the Bystander Effect, individuals are more likely to act when they are alone compared to when they are with a group.

What research aspect did Solomon Asch primarily focus on?

If a teacher and learner are in the same room, the teacher is more likely to ___ their participation.

Match the given situations to their corresponding principles:

Study Notes