Psychology Exam on Overconfidence and Attitudes

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Questions and Answers

What is overconfidence primarily characterized by?

A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs (correct)

A tendency to be more correct than confident

An accurate estimation of chances for success

A consistent assessment of one’s skills

How does overconfidence manifest in students?

More confident students often do worse on tests after stopping their studies (correct)

Less confident students usually perform better academically

Confidence has no impact on academic performance

More confident students tend to score higher on tests

What can contribute to the persistence of overconfidence?

Regular acknowledgment of personal errors

Incompetence that feeds back into increased confidence (correct)

A solid understanding of one’s limitations

Constant learning and adaption to feedback

Why does confidence tend to be higher for future tasks?

People are less likely to imagine failure in the future Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies how overconfidence can impact behavior?

A stockbroker invests more heavily despite poor performance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which self-fulfilling prophecies impact personal relationships?

Encouraging reciprocal behavior based on expectations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes 'behavioral confirmation'?

Expectations that shape behaviors and influence others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT essential for attitudes to lead to behavior?

Expressed attitudes must be explicit Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the disconnection between one’s beliefs about morality and their actions?

Moral hypocrisy Signup and view all the answers

When are attitudes more likely to influence behaviors?

When the expression of attitudes is not influenced by social contexts Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason sex education programs may fail to change behaviors regarding abstinence and condom use?

Long-standing habits can override attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) primarily measure?

Reaction times in associating concepts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of negative expectations in interpersonal dynamics?

Creating a hostile environment Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic significantly affects the credibility of a communicator?

Perceived expertise Signup and view all the answers

Which effect suggests that information presented first usually has the most influence?

Primacy effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the delayed impact of a message that occurs when a previously discounted message becomes effective?

Sleeper effect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can enhance the effectiveness of persuasion?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which communication channel typically exerts less influence compared to direct contact?

Television broadcasts Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the expectation that people's attitudes change as they age?

Life cycle explanation Signup and view all the answers

What motivates individuals to think and analyze, impacting their receptiveness to messages?

Need for cognition Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding written and visual appeals in communication?

They are considered passive. Signup and view all the answers

What is altruism primarily motivated by?

A motive to increase another's welfare without regard for self-interest Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that human interactions are motivated by the desire to maximize rewards?

Social-exchange theory Signup and view all the answers

How does guilt influence helping behavior?

It motivates people to alleviate their guilt by helping others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following norms suggests that people should help those who have helped them?

Reciprocity norm Signup and view all the answers

What emotional state is most likely to encourage helping behavior?

Happiness Signup and view all the answers

What does kin selection propose regarding altruism?

Altruism toward relatives enhances shared gene survival Signup and view all the answers

Which form of prosocial behavior describes a reciprocal exchange?

Tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the social-responsibility norm?

It suggests people should help those in need regardless of the relationship Signup and view all the answers

What does self-perception theory suggest about how individuals infer their attitudes?

They observe their behavior and circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive dissonance occurs due to which of the following situations?

Simultaneous awareness of two inconsistent cognitions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of self-presentation and impression management?

To gain social acceptance and material rewards. Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies insufficient justification?

An individual adjusts their attitude after lying for a small payment. Signup and view all the answers

Dissonance is most likely to arise in which situation?

When making a decision between two equally appealing options. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does selective exposure have on cognitive dissonance?

It reduces dissonance by encouraging the consumption of agreeable information. Signup and view all the answers

How can an individual reduce cognitive dissonance after making a decision?

By upgrading the features of the chosen option. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Self-efficacy is about believing you can do something, whereas self-esteem is about overall self-appreciation. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes self-handicapping behavior?

Creating excuses for poor performance by setting oneself up for failure. Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'identity-protective cognition' play in dissonance theory?

It leads to bias when evaluating information that contradicts strong beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the false consensus effect?

Believing one's opinions and behaviors are more common than they are. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome when a person experiences insufficient justification for their actions?

They will alter their attitudes to align with their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does insufficient justification imply about the relationship between external rewards and internal beliefs?

Low external rewards prompt internal beliefs to shift. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is likely linked to defensive pessimism?

Anticipating problems to motivate effective coping. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-serving bias' refer to?

The inclination to take credit for successes while attributing failures to external factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of high self-efficacy?

Experiencing higher levels of anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

How does self-monitoring affect interpersonal relationships?

High self-monitors may struggle to form deep connections due to inconsistency. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of impression management?

Expressing oneself in ways meant to create a favorable impression. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicative of unrealistic optimism?

Underestimating the likelihood of experiencing adverse events. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the bias blind spot play in self-perception?

It leads individuals to recognize their biases while perceiving others as biased. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy might be used by individuals to manage self-presentation?

Humblebragging, disguising bragging behind complaints. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychological function of self-serving attributions?

To boost self-esteem and enhance personal satisfaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the self-esteem feedback's impact compared to self-efficacy feedback?

Self-efficacy feedback leads to better performance rather than only feeling good about oneself. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of self-presentation is emphasized in collectivist cultures?

Prioritizing modesty to avoid offending others. Signup and view all the answers

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Description

This quiz covers concepts related to overconfidence, its impact on students, and the psychological mechanisms behind self-fulfilling prophecies. Additionally, it explores the connections between attitudes, behaviors, and their influences in interpersonal dynamics. Test your understanding of these important psychological principles!