Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is a possible effect of misinformation on eyewitness testimony?

  • More precise detail retention
  • Increased confidence in incorrect memories (correct)
  • Improved recall accuracy
  • Total elimination of memory errors

Which type of memory involves the ability to recreate an event as it occurred?

  • Sensory memory
  • Reconstructive memory
  • Reproductive memory (correct)
  • Procedural memory

What cognitive bias is primarily concerned with evaluating people of the same race as oneself more accurately?

  • Confirmation bias
  • Stereotype threat
  • Attribution error
  • Own-race bias (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the evaluation of eyewitness memory?

<p>Intuition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CARE method help evaluate in the context of internet information?

<p>Credibility of web-based information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a fallacy that occurs when a conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence?

<p>Hasty generalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the idea that correlation does not imply causation?

<p>Association vs. Causation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of pseudoscience?

<p>Astrology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive error involves the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs?

<p>Confirmation bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of relying solely on eye-witness testimony in legal cases?

<p>It can be influenced by suggestive questioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regression to the mean primarily concerned with?

<p>Extreme values in a data set are likely to be followed by values closer to the average. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes base rate neglect?

<p>Considering only specific examples and ignoring general statistics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the bias blind spot?

<p>Believing oneself to be less biased than others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The unskilled and unaware effect refers to which of the following?

<p>Individuals lacking skills are often unaware of their incompetence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hindsight bias can best be defined as:

<p>The belief that one could have predicted the outcome after it has occurred. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?

<p>Inductive reasoning reaches conclusions based on patterns, whereas deductive reasoning draws conclusions from premises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of belief perseverance?

<p>The inclination to cling to existing beliefs despite contrary evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does shifting the burden of proof imply in an argument?

<p>The responsibility to provide proof lies with those challenging the claim, not the claimant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about dual process theory is accurate?

<p>Type 2 thinking involves slower, more reflective reasoning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of inductive reasoning is considered a limitation?

<p>It may lead to conclusions that are not universally applicable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Empirical Approach

Finding truth and answers through observation and experience, not assumptions or beliefs.

Association vs. Causation

Correlation does not equal causation; just because two things are linked doesn't mean one causes the other.

Confirmation Bias

Seeking out and remembering information that supports existing beliefs, while ignoring contradictory info.

Pseudoscience

Fake science appearing like real science, making unfounded claims based on poorly designed experimentation.

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Working Memory Capacity

Limited capacity for actively holding and processing information in your mind.

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Memory Errors

Mistakes in recalling or remembering information, like interference, cognitive load, false memories, source misattribution, and change blindness.

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Eyewitness Testimony Evaluation

Assessing the reliability of accounts given by witnesses, considering factors like misinformation, confidence vs. accuracy, and own-race/weapon focus biases.

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Reconstructive Memory

Memory not passively retrieved but actively built from existing knowledge and cues.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making.

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Gambler's Fallacy

The mistaken belief that past events affect the probability of future events (especially in games of chance).

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Regression to the mean

The tendency for extreme scores or behaviors to move toward the average over time.

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Base rate neglect

Ignoring the base rate or general frequency of something when making judgments.

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Bias blind spot

The belief that you are less susceptible to cognitive bias than others.

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Unskilled and unaware

Competent individuals are often unaware of their limitations, whereas incompetent people usually overestimate their abilities.

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Hindsight bias

The tendency to believe, after an event occurs, that one would have foreseen it.

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Scientific Theory vs. Theory

A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, supported by evidence and repeatedly tested. A regular 'theory' is a supposition or a proposed explanation.

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What is Belief Perseverance?

The tendency to cling to a belief even when presented with strong evidence that contradicts it.

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Two types of Thinking: Type 1 & Type 2

Type 1 thinking is fast, automatic, and intuitive. Type 2 thinking is slow, deliberate, and analytical.

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Deductive Reasoning

Starts with general principles and applies them to specific cases to reach a logical conclusion.

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Unwarranted Assumptions

Assumptions made without sufficient justification or evidence. These can influence our reasoning and lead to errors.

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Study Notes

Exam 3 Study Guide

  • Chapter 4:

  • Thinking errors (naive realism, hasty generalization, sweeping generalization, red herring fallacy, etc.)

  • Empiricism/empirical approach

  • Variables (including types)

  • Association vs. Causation

  • Falsifiability

  • Survey research

  • Correlations (positive and negative, strength, human errors in detection), pros/cons

  • Confirmation bias

  • Chapter 5:

  • Pseudoscience (including examples and embedded assumptions)

  • Pareidolia

  • Scientific plausibility

  • Reasonableness

  • Forms of low-quality evidence

  • Pseudoscience vs. Protoscience (including examples)

  • Evidence-based treatment

  • Chapter 6:

  • Danger of eye-witness testimony

  • Limitations of attention (inattentional blindness, change blindness, divided attention)

  • Limitations of perception (sensory range/sensory abilities, role of prior knowledge, hallucination)

  • Long-term memory (including capacity and duration)

  • Working memory (including capacity and duration)

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Prepare for your Psychology Exam 3 with this comprehensive study guide covering key concepts from Chapters 4 to 6. Topics include thinking errors, empiricism, pseudoscience, and memory limitations. Test your understanding of these crucial psychological principles and improve your exam performance.

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