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Psychology Exam 3 Flashcards - Miller Mizzou
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Psychology Exam 3 Flashcards - Miller Mizzou

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Questions and Answers

How does Kayla submit her essays for credit?

She submits the essay online through campus before 9 PM on Friday, April 21.

What best reflects parasympathetic nervous system activity?

Increased digestion

What do secondary appraisals involve according to Lazarus?

Evaluating your response options and selecting a coping behavior.

What does the HPA axis involve?

<p>Initial activation of the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions describe the process?

<p>A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress?

<p>It damages neurons in the hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the test where respondents pair black and white faces with pleasant or unpleasant words?

<p>Implicit Association Test (IAT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory of emotions is being applied when James' mother tells him to sit quietly to calm down?

<p>James-Lange theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding in Stanley Milgram's research on obedience?

<p>Participants thought they were shocking someone else, although they really weren't.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-scheme?

<p>Integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defense mechanism is exemplified by a woman in denial about her husband's affair?

<p>Denial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What supports an incentive-salience perspective of motivation?

<p>Jessica sees an ad for chips on television and goes to the kitchen for a snack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Freud define defense mechanisms?

<p>Unconscious strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a behavior of someone dominated by the id?

<p>Do things he later regrets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of homeostatic behaviors?

<p>Stabilize conditions in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main advantage of a stereotype is that it ____; the main disadvantage is that it _____.

<p>allows for rapid processing; can lead to errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level.

<p>Implicit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the positive psychology movement?

<p>Study and understand psychological well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of sexual development according to Freud?

<p>Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between emotion-focused and problem-focused coping?

<p>Whether one attempts to reduce the emotions associated with the stressor or solve the problem directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, the 'anal stage' is a normal part of psychosexual development.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would Freud explain excessive eating, drinking, or smoking?

<p>The person had a fixation during the oral stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion of Milgram's studies?

<p>Ordinary people will obey authority even when they do not want to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Someone with a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 24 is considered ____ under this scale.

<p>healthy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened in Zimbardo's prison study?

<p>The prison guards became so cruel that the study had to be called to an end after only six days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior exemplifies cognitive dissonance?

<p>Eating an unhealthy diet despite knowing the negative consequences but rationalizing the behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complex is a boy experiencing when he has a sexual interest in his mother?

<p>Oedipus complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate that a person has a Type A personality?

<p>Seeing someone who is right in the face and 'ready to explode' with anger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is catharsis?

<p>The process of releasing an emotion, getting it out of one's system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's theory of personality is an example of a ____ theory.

<p>psychodynamic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The same 'Big Five' personality traits have been found to be the same across cultures.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a nutritionist do to regulate the gastric phase of eating?

<p>Develop a drug that regulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five traits that account for most personality differences?

<p>Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach does Dr. Driskell use in personality psychology?

<p>Type approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do men and women differ in sexual behavior according to sexual strategies theory?

<p>They face different adaptive problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates eustress from distress?

<p>Whether the event is perceived as positive or negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, what happens during phase II?

<p>Our resistance to stress increases and then decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential danger for Remy the rat who has lost his appetite?

<p>Damage to the hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'he got into a fight because he is an aggressive person' exemplify?

<p>An internal (personal) attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences temperamental differences in humans?

<p>Underlying differences in biological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does psychologists use the term 'personality' to refer to?

<p>Characteristics and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is likely to produce the best work in a study setting regarding social loafing?

<p>Each student paints one room by himself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should increase feeding behavior?

<p>Decreasing the amount of leptin in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Dirk fails his calculus exam, what self-serving attribution might he make?

<p>The exam having been too difficult to be fair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

<p>The tendency for people to overemphasize personality and underestimate the situation when making attributions about others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Inga likely attribute her own errors to compared to her opponent's errors?

<p>Confusing questions from the panel; poor debating skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ingroup is the group that someone belongs to.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bias does Katie exhibit towards her sorority and fraternities?

<p>Outgroup homogeneity effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law characterized graphically as?

<p>An inverted (upside down) U-shaped function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor decreases food intake?

<p>Cannabinoid receptor antagonists, like SR141716A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

<p>That evaluation aspect of self-concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Idiographic approaches to evaluating personality focus on individual lives.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

<p>The presence of others may lead to increased arousal and enhance performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of Freud's defense mechanism of projection?

<p>Someone who has used illegal drugs accuses other people of being drug users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Zimbardo's prison study illustrate?

<p>People behave in accord with their role in a situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between eustress and distress?

<p>Whether the event is perceived as positive or negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is responsible for stress according to the Holmes and Rahe scale?

<p>Change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, the superego is the part of personality that includes the drives for biological gratification.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during Phase III of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

<p>Our resistance to stress decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do primary appraisals involve according to Lazarus?

<p>Deciding whether an event is stressful or irrelevant to you.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released from the adrenals during a stressful event in the HPA axis?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a problem associated with prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress?

<p>It damages neurons in the hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would Freud explain excessive eating or drinking behavior?

<p>The person had a fixation during the oral stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of assigning causes to someone's behavior known as?

<p>Attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error?

<p>The tendency for people to overemphasize personality and underestimate the situation when making attributions about others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does Professor Marcus use to maintain her stereotype of student athletes?

<p>She maintains her stereotype by ignoring evidence that contradicts it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might research suggest about a shy person from childhood?

<p>She displayed signs of inhibition and social distress even as a very young child.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure?

<p>Unconscious attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does Stanley Milgram's experiment illustrate?

<p>Obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflects sympathetic nervous system activity?

<p>Increased blood pressure and increased heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions describe?

<p>Bodily response and emotion are experienced separately and simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if misattribution of arousal happens to Pierre and Priscilla on a roller-coaster?

<p>They will be more likely to find one another attractive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would support a drive reduction view of motivation?

<p>Amanda hasn't had a meal since last night and eats a sandwich.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is body mass index (BMI) calculated?

<p>A person's body weight is divided by his height.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a nutritionist do to help people lose weight via the cephalic phase of eating?

<p>Encourage people to manage the stressors that contribute to overeating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two of the Big Five personality factors?

<p>Neuroticism and conscientiousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law might explain Thabo's surprise at the end of his exam?

<p>The Yerkes-Dodson law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Freud's psycho-sexual energy called?

<p>Libido.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural display rules influence emotional expression?

<p>They dictate acceptable emotional expressions in different contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oxytocin influence sexual behavior?

<p>Promotes feelings of love and attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Submission

  • Kayla submits her essays online before the deadline of 9 PM on Friday, April 21.

Nervous System Functions

  • Parasympathetic nervous system activity is characterized by increased digestion.

Cognitive Appraisal

  • Lazarus identifies cognitive appraisal as consisting of two parts: primary (assessing stress relevance) and secondary (evaluating response options to select coping strategies).

HPA Axis

  • The HPA axis initiates with the activation of the hypothalamus, which is crucial in the stress response.

Emotion Theories

  • Schachter-Singer theory posits that bodily responses are labeled to produce emotions.
  • The James-Lange theory suggests emotions are results of physiological responses.

Chronic Stress Effects

  • Prolonged activation of the HPA axis can damage neurons in the hippocampus.

Implicit Attitudes

  • The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is utilized to assess unconscious biases by pairing stimuli.

Obedience Research

  • Stanley Milgram's study showcased that participants believed they were administering shocks to others, revealing insights on obedience to authority.

Self-Concept

  • Self-scheme consists of integrated memories and beliefs about oneself, facilitating self-evaluation.

Defense Mechanisms

  • Denial is exemplified when an individual refuses to accept their partner's infidelity.
  • Freud's defense mechanisms serve as unconscious methods to shield the mind from distress.

Motivation and Behavior

  • Incentive-salience is illustrated when an ad prompts an individual to seek snacks.
  • Homeostatic behaviors aim to stabilize bodily conditions.

Personality and Stereotypes

  • Stereotypes facilitate rapid information processing but can induce errors in judgment.
  • The "Big Five" traits include neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, influencing personality.

Freud's Developmental Stages

  • Freud outlined psychosexual development through stages: oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital.
  • The Oedipus complex describes boys' developmental challenges involving sexual attraction to mothers and rivalry with fathers.

Stress and Coping Strategies

  • Differentiate between emotion-focused coping (reducing distress) and problem-focused coping (addressing the issue directly).
  • Eustress is defined as positive stress, while distress refers to negative stress.

Attribution Theories

  • Self-serving attributions explain failures based on external factors.
  • The fundamental attribution error involves overlooking situational factors and overemphasizing personality traits.

Group Dynamics

  • Social loafing, where individuals exert less effort in a group, can be mitigated by assigning specific tasks.

Health Indicators

  • A Body Mass Index (BMI) of 18 to 24 designates a healthy weight range.
  • Cannabinoid receptors influence appetite, with antagonists decreasing and agonists increasing food intake.

Cultural Influences on Emotion

  • Cultural display rules affect emotional expression based on social contexts, as seen in Japanese students exhibiting different emotions alone versus in groups.

Psychological Theories

  • Freud's psychodynamic theory stresses the importance of unconscious motivations and conflicts in shaping personality and behavior.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards for Psychology Exam 3 based on the material covered in the course. From submission guidelines for essays to understanding the parasympathetic nervous system, this quiz covers key concepts you need to know.

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