Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the positive outcome of the stage 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt'?
What is the positive outcome of the stage 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt'?
- Dependence
- Social withdrawal
- Shame
- Confidence (correct)
At what stage does the conflict 'Industry vs. Inferiority' occur?
At what stage does the conflict 'Industry vs. Inferiority' occur?
- 12-18
- 7-12 (correct)
- 0-1
- 3-6
Which negative outcome is associated with the stage 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
Which negative outcome is associated with the stage 'Intimacy vs. Isolation'?
- Mistrust
- Promiscuity (correct)
- Guilt
- Self-absorption
In the stage 'Identity vs. Role Confusion', which of the following is a positive outcome?
In the stage 'Identity vs. Role Confusion', which of the following is a positive outcome?
What is the primary crisis faced during the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage?
What is the primary crisis faced during the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage?
What developmental question is posed during the stage 'Generativity vs. Stagnation'?
What developmental question is posed during the stage 'Generativity vs. Stagnation'?
Which stage addresses the question 'How do I cope with loss?'?
Which stage addresses the question 'How do I cope with loss?'?
What aspect distinguishes 'sex' from 'gender' in psychology?
What aspect distinguishes 'sex' from 'gender' in psychology?
Which chromosome combination typically produces a male child?
Which chromosome combination typically produces a male child?
What is a common negative outcome when a person does not resolve the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' crisis?
What is a common negative outcome when a person does not resolve the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' crisis?
What is the primary influence of testosterone on males during fetal development?
What is the primary influence of testosterone on males during fetal development?
Which of the following best describes the concept of egocentrism in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Which of the following best describes the concept of egocentrism in the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
In postconventional morality, how is morality primarily determined?
In postconventional morality, how is morality primarily determined?
What is centration in the context of cognitive development during the preoperational stage?
What is centration in the context of cognitive development during the preoperational stage?
Which significant milestone is not typically associated with the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
Which significant milestone is not typically associated with the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of female sex characteristics?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of female sex characteristics?
What does the term 'sexuality' encompass according to the provided information?
What does the term 'sexuality' encompass according to the provided information?
What factor is NOT considered a psychological influence on sexual motivation?
What factor is NOT considered a psychological influence on sexual motivation?
What would most likely characterize a child in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
What would most likely characterize a child in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
How has representation of women in STEM fields been described globally?
How has representation of women in STEM fields been described globally?
What defines a phoneme in a language?
What defines a phoneme in a language?
Which stage of speech development features primarily single words spoken by children?
Which stage of speech development features primarily single words spoken by children?
What characterizes insecure attachment in infants?
What characterizes insecure attachment in infants?
What is a primary feature of authoritative parenting?
What is a primary feature of authoritative parenting?
Which statement about the microsystem is accurate?
Which statement about the microsystem is accurate?
Which parenting style is associated with children displaying high self-esteem and social competence?
Which parenting style is associated with children displaying high self-esteem and social competence?
Which aspect does Erik Erikson's theory focus on?
Which aspect does Erik Erikson's theory focus on?
What does imprinting refer to in attachment theory?
What does imprinting refer to in attachment theory?
What typically characterizes the telegraphic speech of young children?
What typically characterizes the telegraphic speech of young children?
Stranger anxiety in infants typically begins at what age?
Stranger anxiety in infants typically begins at what age?
What role does the mesosystem play in a child's development?
What role does the mesosystem play in a child's development?
Which of the following best describes the exosystem?
Which of the following best describes the exosystem?
How do cultural values and beliefs influence individual development in the macrosystem?
How do cultural values and beliefs influence individual development in the macrosystem?
Which aspect is least likely to be influenced by the chronosystem?
Which aspect is least likely to be influenced by the chronosystem?
What is the impact of participation in extracurricular activities as part of the microsystem?
What is the impact of participation in extracurricular activities as part of the microsystem?
Which type of interaction is specifically highlighted within the mesosystem?
Which type of interaction is specifically highlighted within the mesosystem?
Which of these factors is NOT considered part of the exosystem?
Which of these factors is NOT considered part of the exosystem?
What are societal norms and expectations likely to impact within the macrosystem?
What are societal norms and expectations likely to impact within the macrosystem?
Which statement accurately reflects the significance of the chronosystem?
Which statement accurately reflects the significance of the chronosystem?
Which example is most likely to be influenced by the macrosystem?
Which example is most likely to be influenced by the macrosystem?
What consequence is likely for individuals who do not successfully resolve the conflict during the 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage?
What consequence is likely for individuals who do not successfully resolve the conflict during the 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage?
During which psychosocial stage does a child typically begin to develop coping skills and confidence?
During which psychosocial stage does a child typically begin to develop coping skills and confidence?
What is a potential positive outcome of resolving the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' crisis?
What is a potential positive outcome of resolving the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' crisis?
What developmental concern is associated with the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage?
What developmental concern is associated with the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage?
In the context of psychosocial development, what negative outcome might a person face if they experience role confusion during adolescence?
In the context of psychosocial development, what negative outcome might a person face if they experience role confusion during adolescence?
Which of the following reflects a negative outcome associated with the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage?
Which of the following reflects a negative outcome associated with the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage?
What major developmental question is posed during the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage?
What major developmental question is posed during the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage?
Which condition is essential for an individual to develop autonomy during the 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt' stage?
Which condition is essential for an individual to develop autonomy during the 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt' stage?
What does the successful resolution of the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage foster in a child's development?
What does the successful resolution of the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage foster in a child's development?
What characterizes individuals in the 'Integrity vs. Despair' stage when reflecting on their lives?
What characterizes individuals in the 'Integrity vs. Despair' stage when reflecting on their lives?
What developmental feature is characteristic of the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?
What developmental feature is characteristic of the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?
Which of the following concepts describes a child's belief that inanimate objects have feelings?
Which of the following concepts describes a child's belief that inanimate objects have feelings?
Which type of morality is characterized by upholding laws and rules for social approval?
Which type of morality is characterized by upholding laws and rules for social approval?
What is the primary responsibility of testosterone during the fetal period in males?
What is the primary responsibility of testosterone during the fetal period in males?
Which of the following best describes the role of the mesosystem in an individual's development?
Which of the following best describes the role of the mesosystem in an individual's development?
At which cognitive developmental stage do children typically struggle with thinking about multiple aspects of a situation?
At which cognitive developmental stage do children typically struggle with thinking about multiple aspects of a situation?
What primary influence does the exosystem hold over a child's development?
What primary influence does the exosystem hold over a child's development?
Which aspect of the chronosystem focuses on the historical context of an individual's life?
Which aspect of the chronosystem focuses on the historical context of an individual's life?
Which of the following influences effectively shape sexual motivation?
Which of the following influences effectively shape sexual motivation?
How do societal norms primarily influence individual behavior within the macrosystem?
How do societal norms primarily influence individual behavior within the macrosystem?
Which developmental factor primarily affects children's egocentric thinking?
Which developmental factor primarily affects children's egocentric thinking?
Why is the representation of women in STEM fields a significant issue globally?
Why is the representation of women in STEM fields a significant issue globally?
What effect do extra-curricular activities have on a child's microsystem?
What effect do extra-curricular activities have on a child's microsystem?
What consequence arises from the inability to reverse a process in cognitive development?
What consequence arises from the inability to reverse a process in cognitive development?
Which factor of the exosystem can most significantly impact a child's emotional well-being?
Which factor of the exosystem can most significantly impact a child's emotional well-being?
What is the primary focus of the macrosystem in relation to individual development?
What is the primary focus of the macrosystem in relation to individual development?
What limitation is associated with children's symbolic thinking during the preoperational stage?
What limitation is associated with children's symbolic thinking during the preoperational stage?
Which element of the chronosystem addresses the timing and effects of significant life events?
Which element of the chronosystem addresses the timing and effects of significant life events?
In what way can family-peer group interactions benefit a child's social development?
In what way can family-peer group interactions benefit a child's social development?
Which of the following describes a significant aspect of the mesosystem?
Which of the following describes a significant aspect of the mesosystem?
Which statement correctly describes insecure attachment in infants?
Which statement correctly describes insecure attachment in infants?
Which parenting style is likely to result in children who lack social skills and have low self-esteem?
Which parenting style is likely to result in children who lack social skills and have low self-esteem?
What term describes the emotional tie that develops between a child and their caregiver?
What term describes the emotional tie that develops between a child and their caregiver?
What stage of speech development is characterized by a child speaking in two-word sentences?
What stage of speech development is characterized by a child speaking in two-word sentences?
Which aspect is NOT typically associated with the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
Which aspect is NOT typically associated with the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
How do authoritative parents typically respond to their children's needs?
How do authoritative parents typically respond to their children's needs?
What is the primary feature of telegraphic speech in young children?
What is the primary feature of telegraphic speech in young children?
Which attachment behavior is commonly associated with secure attachment in infants?
Which attachment behavior is commonly associated with secure attachment in infants?
What describes the babbling stage of speech development?
What describes the babbling stage of speech development?
Which of the following best reflects the impact of the exosystem on an individual's development?
Which of the following best reflects the impact of the exosystem on an individual's development?
What implications does unresolved conflict in Erikson's stages have on future interactions?
What implications does unresolved conflict in Erikson's stages have on future interactions?
Which positive outcome is associated with the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage?
Which positive outcome is associated with the 'Intimacy vs. Isolation' stage?
During which stage does an individual primarily grapple with the question of self-sufficiency versus reliance on others?
During which stage does an individual primarily grapple with the question of self-sufficiency versus reliance on others?
What is a potential outcome of successfully navigating the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
What is a potential outcome of successfully navigating the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage?
What challenge is faced during the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage of development?
What challenge is faced during the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage of development?
What is a primary characteristic of the preoperational stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?
What is a primary characteristic of the preoperational stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?
What critical question is posed during Erikson's 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage?
What critical question is posed during Erikson's 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage?
What can be seen as a negative outcome of failing to resolve the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage?
What can be seen as a negative outcome of failing to resolve the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage?
At what stage do children gain the ability to think logically about concrete events according to Piaget?
At what stage do children gain the ability to think logically about concrete events according to Piaget?
Which term best describes the belief that inanimate objects can have feelings, observed in children of the preoperational stage?
Which term best describes the belief that inanimate objects can have feelings, observed in children of the preoperational stage?
What underlying theme differentiates 'sex' from 'gender' in psychological terms?
What underlying theme differentiates 'sex' from 'gender' in psychological terms?
In the context of moral development, what primarily characterizes postconventional morality?
In the context of moral development, what primarily characterizes postconventional morality?
Which negative consequence is likely to arise from experiencing role confusion during adolescence?
Which negative consequence is likely to arise from experiencing role confusion during adolescence?
Which factor is NOT considered a sociocultural influence on sexual motivation?
Which factor is NOT considered a sociocultural influence on sexual motivation?
Which cognitive milestone is typically not yet achieved by children in the preoperational stage?
Which cognitive milestone is typically not yet achieved by children in the preoperational stage?
Which of the following best describes the emotional reaction of a child exhibiting insecure attachment?
Which of the following best describes the emotional reaction of a child exhibiting insecure attachment?
What primarily defines the roles and expectations associated with gender?
What primarily defines the roles and expectations associated with gender?
What developmental concept does Heinz's dilemma primarily illustrate?
What developmental concept does Heinz's dilemma primarily illustrate?
What is the primary role of extracurricular activities in a child's microsystem?
What is the primary role of extracurricular activities in a child's microsystem?
Which statement best describes the relationship within the mesosystem?
Which statement best describes the relationship within the mesosystem?
What is a significant characteristic of the exosystem?
What is a significant characteristic of the exosystem?
How do societal norms and values impact individual behavior within the macrosystem?
How do societal norms and values impact individual behavior within the macrosystem?
What does the chronosystem primarily focus on?
What does the chronosystem primarily focus on?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an interaction within the mesosystem?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an interaction within the mesosystem?
Which aspect of a child's development is most likely influenced by the exosystem?
Which aspect of a child's development is most likely influenced by the exosystem?
What is a key component of the macrosystem?
What is a key component of the macrosystem?
What aspect of the chronosystem affects individual development over time?
What aspect of the chronosystem affects individual development over time?
Which interaction between the microsystem and exosystem could potentially hinder a child's development?
Which interaction between the microsystem and exosystem could potentially hinder a child's development?
What primarily distinguishes authoritative parenting from the permissive style?
What primarily distinguishes authoritative parenting from the permissive style?
Which stage of speech development is characterized by children using simple two-word sentences?
Which stage of speech development is characterized by children using simple two-word sentences?
What is a sign of insecure attachment demonstrated by infants during Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
What is a sign of insecure attachment demonstrated by infants during Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
How does the microsystem influence an individual's development according to the Ecological Systems Theory?
How does the microsystem influence an individual's development according to the Ecological Systems Theory?
Which parenting style is likely to result in children with less developed social skills and lower self-esteem?
Which parenting style is likely to result in children with less developed social skills and lower self-esteem?
Which statement about attachment and infant development is NOT accurate?
Which statement about attachment and infant development is NOT accurate?
What does the ecological systems theory suggest about human development?
What does the ecological systems theory suggest about human development?
What is a characteristic of telegraphic speech during early language development?
What is a characteristic of telegraphic speech during early language development?
Which of the following best describes neglectful parenting?
Which of the following best describes neglectful parenting?
Which stage of infant development is linked with the strong emotional tie demonstrated by seeking closeness to a caregiver?
Which stage of infant development is linked with the strong emotional tie demonstrated by seeking closeness to a caregiver?
Flashcards
Trust vs. Mistrust
Trust vs. Mistrust
A stage of psychosocial development where individuals develop a sense of trust or mistrust in the world based on their early interactions with caregivers.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
A stage of psychosocial development where children develop a sense of autonomy or shame and doubt based on their ability to explore and make choices independently.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Initiative vs. Guilt
A stage of psychosocial development where children develop a sense of initiative or guilt based on their ability to take on new challenges and explore their surroundings.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Industry vs. Inferiority
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Integrity vs. Despair
Integrity vs. Despair
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Sex
Sex
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Gender
Gender
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Testosterone
Testosterone
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Estrogen
Estrogen
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Role
Role
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Gender Role
Gender Role
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Sexuality
Sexuality
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Asexual
Asexual
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Object Permanence
Object Permanence
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Irreversibility
Irreversibility
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Animism
Animism
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Centration
Centration
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Phoneme
Phoneme
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Morpheme
Morpheme
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Grammar
Grammar
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Attachment
Attachment
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Babbling Stage
Babbling Stage
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One-Word Stage
One-Word Stage
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Two-Word Stage
Two-Word Stage
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Telegraphic Speech
Telegraphic Speech
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Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Insecure Attachment
Insecure Attachment
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Mesosystem
Mesosystem
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Exosystem
Exosystem
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Macrosystem
Macrosystem
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Chronosystem
Chronosystem
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Extracurricular Activities
Extracurricular Activities
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Family-School Interaction
Family-School Interaction
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Family-Peer Group Interaction
Family-Peer Group Interaction
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School-Community Interaction
School-Community Interaction
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Peer Group-School Interaction
Peer Group-School Interaction
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Parental Workplaces
Parental Workplaces
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Stranger anxiety
Stranger anxiety
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What is sex?
What is sex?
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What is gender?
What is gender?
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What is testosterone?
What is testosterone?
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What is estrogen?
What is estrogen?
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What is object permanence?
What is object permanence?
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What is irreversibility?
What is irreversibility?
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What is animism?
What is animism?
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What is centration?
What is centration?
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What is attachment?
What is attachment?
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What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
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What is the Preoperational Stage?
What is the Preoperational Stage?
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What are key characteristics of the Sensorimotor stage?
What are key characteristics of the Sensorimotor stage?
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What is a gender role?
What is a gender role?
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What are the levels of moral development?
What are the levels of moral development?
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What is a role?
What is a role?
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What is a phoneme?
What is a phoneme?
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What is a morpheme?
What is a morpheme?
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What is grammar?
What is grammar?
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What is stranger anxiety?
What is stranger anxiety?
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What is the authoritarian parenting style?
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
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What is the permissive parenting style?
What is the permissive parenting style?
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What is the neglectful parenting style?
What is the neglectful parenting style?
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What is the authoritative parenting style?
What is the authoritative parenting style?
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What is self-concept?
What is self-concept?
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Study Notes
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Each stage presents a conflict to resolve, impacting future interactions. Failure to resolve these crises can lead to ongoing challenges.
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1): Focuses on predictability and support. Positive outcome is secure attachment and trust, while negative is mistrust and social withdrawal.
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3): Centers on self-sufficiency versus reliance on others. Positive outcomes are confidence and independence while negative are shame, doubt, compulsion, and impulsivity.
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6): Focuses on feelings of good versus bad, potentially influencing willingness to try new things. Positive outcomes are acceptance of rules, imagination, and positive risk-taking. Negative outcomes are guilt, dependence, and lying.
- Industry vs. Inferiority (7-12): Deals with feelings of success versus worthlessness, considering comparison to others. Positive outcomes are competence, productivity, and confidence. Negative is inertia and inferiority.
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18): Questions self-identity and place in society. Positive outcomes are a positive self-image, self-confidence, happiness with choices, and a sense of self. Negative outcomes are role confusion, withdrawal, rebellion and dissatisfaction with choices.
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-30): Examines closeness with others while maintaining a sense of self. Positive outcomes are love, companionship, and partnership. Negative is isolation and loneliness.
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-50): Focuses on giving love beyond oneself, and nurturing the next generation. Positive outcome includes satisfaction and accomplishment, negative includes self-absorption and boredom.
- Integrity vs. Despair (50s+): Deals with coping with the end of career and loss. Positive outcomes are satisfaction, objectivity, and happiness with life. Negative outcomes are preoccupation with past failures and decisions.
- These are important turning points in development. If issues are not dealt with, they will continue to plague the person until they are resolved. The way you resolve a crisis will impact future interactions.
Developmental Psychology
- Examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan.
- Sex: Biologically influenced characteristics defining male/female.
- Gender: Attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with biological sex in a given culture. Gender roles differ with societal expectations and cultural norms.
- X-chromosome: Found in both sexes, crucial for female development.
- Y-chromosome: Found in males, crucial for male development.
- Testosterone: Main male sex hormone, impacting male sex organ and characteristic development. Males and females have it, but additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during fetal development and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty.
- Estrogen: Female sex hormone, contributing to female sex characteristics. Secreted in greater amounts by females than by males.
- Gender Roles: Expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men/women; these roles have changed considerably over time.
- A century ago, American women could not vote, serve in the military, or divorce without cause.
- Fewer than 1% of U.S. children in the 1960s or 70s drew a woman scientist. More recently, 28% of children did so.
- Women are underrepresented in STEM fields globally.
- Sexuality: Thoughts, feelings, and actions related to physical attraction.
- Asexual: Lacking sexual attraction to others.
Motor Development
- Developing brain controls physical coordination.
- Motor development follows a universal sequence (sit, crawl, walk, run).
- Individual differences exist in timing, but the order of skill development is generally consistent.
Cognitive Development (Piaget)
-
Sensorimotor (0-2): Babies learn through senses and actions. Lack object permanence: out of sight, out of mind.
-
Preoperational (2-7): Symbolic thinking emerges (imagination, objects representing others). Egocentric: Difficulty seeing others' perspectives. Centration: Focusing on one aspect at a time. Animism: Inanimate objects have feelings. Irreversibility: Inability to reverse processes.
- Symbols or objects are used to represent other objects, persons, and events that are not present–using imagination or "make-believe"
- Preschool children are egocentric, assuming others see, hear, and feel the same as they do
- Centration: Focusing on only one aspect
- Animism: The belief that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions
- Irreversibility: Inability to think backwards or reverse a process
-
Concrete Operational (7-11): Logical thought about concrete things develops.
-
Formal Operational (12+): Logical thought about abstract concepts develops. Reasoning about hypothetical situations and consequences, along with more mature moral reasoning.
Moral Development
- Preconventional: (Before age 9) Right/wrong based on rewards/punishments. Obedience to authority.
- Conventional: (Early Adolescence) Morality based on personal relationships. Upholding laws for social approval.
- Postconventional: (Adolescence & beyond) Morality based on principles, ethics, and values. Questioning fairness of laws.
Language Development
- Phoneme: Smallest distinctive sound unit in language.
- Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit in language (word or part of a word).
- Grammar: System of rules for communicating.
- Speech Development Stages:
- Babbling (4+ months)
- One-word stage (1-2 years)
- Two-word stage (2+ years)
- Telegraphic speech (“go car”)
Social Development (Attachment)
- Attachment: Emotional bond with another person, seen in seeking closeness and distress on separation.
- Imprinting: Strong early attachments in animals.
- Stranger Anxiety: Infant fear of strangers (8 months).
- Secure Attachment: Comfortable exploring with caregiver, temporary distress on separation, soothed by caregiver.
- Insecure Attachment: Clingy, anxious, or avoidant behaviors. Disorganized attachment.
Attachment (Ainsworth's Strange Situation)
- Observe mother-infant pairs at home then in a lab setting, observing their reactions to separation and reunion. Approximately 60% exhibit secure attachment. Different types of insecure attachment exist, showing varying levels of anxiety or avoidance.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: Strict rules, obedience expected. Children potentially have less social skills and lower self-esteem.
- Permissive: Responsive but lack rules/discipline. Children may be aggressive and immature.
- Neglectful: Uninvolved/absent parents. Provides little support/guidance. Children show difficulties in relationship development.
- Authoritative: Nurturing, responsive, set firm limits. Encourages discussion. Most effective parenting style. Children tend to have higher self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.
Self-concept
- Thoughts and feelings about "Who am I?"
Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner)
- Considers interactions between an individual and surroundings.
- Microsystem: Immediate environment (family, peers, school, neighborhood, extracurriculars).
- Mesosystem: Interconnections between microsystems (family/school, family/peers).
- Exosystem: Indirect influences (parental workplace, community services, media, social networks).
- Macrosystem: Overarching cultural, economic, and social influences (values, norms, economy, government, customs).
- Chronosystem: Timing of events and experiences. Includes historical context influencing experience, cumulative events across time. Life transitions and sociohistorical context significantly influence development.
- The ecological systems theory considers the complex interplay between individuals and their environments.
- The microsystem encompasses direct interactions with those around the individual.
- Peer groups influence social development.
- Family is usually the primary microsystem.
- School, peers, and neighborhood are also crucial.
- Mesosystem: Interconnections between microsystems (school-family).
- Exosystem: Indirect influences (parental workplace).
- Mass media, community services, social networks and government policies are also included
- Macrosystem: Overarching influences (culture, economy, laws).
- Economic conditions can impact resources.
- Cultural values and beliefs impact perceptions.
- Chronosystem: Sequences of events and transitions over a lifetime.
- Major life changes and transitions impact development
- History's influence on development is crucial, impacting access to resources, and opportunities and presenting constraints.
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