Psychology Encoding Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the information processing model?

Encoding is the process of getting information into the memory system; storage is the retention of encoded information over time; retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage.

What is automatic processing?

The unconscious and effortless process of encoding certain information such as space, time, and frequency.

What is effortful processing?

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

What is rehearsal in terms of memory?

The conscious repetition of information. Signup and view all the answers

What does overlearning mean?

Continuing to rehearse even after it has been memorized. Signup and view all the answers

What is the serial position effect?

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primacy effect?

The ability to recall information near the beginning of a list. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recency effect?

The ability to recall information near the end of a list. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spacing effect?

The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice. Signup and view all the answers

What is distributed practice?

Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by periods of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is massed practice?

Putting all rehearsal together in one long session. Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic encoding?

Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall. Signup and view all the answers

What is acoustic encoding?

Encoding information based on the sounds of the information. Signup and view all the answers

What is visual encoding?

Encoding information based on the images of the information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-reference effect?

Enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant. Signup and view all the answers

What does encoding imagery refer to?

Visual images easily encode. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mnemonic device?

A memory trick or technique. Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of loci?

A mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with imaginary places. Signup and view all the answers

What is the peg-word system?

A mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words you already have memorized. Signup and view all the answers

What is chunking?

Organizing information into meaningful units. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three storage systems in memory?

Sensory memory, short-term memory (including working memory), and long-term memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is sensory memory?

Brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system, including iconic (visual) and echoic (sound) stores. Signup and view all the answers

What is short-term memory?

Part of your memory that contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored more permanently or forgotten. Signup and view all the answers

What is long-term memory?

A relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory. Signup and view all the answers

What is flashbulb memory?

A vivid clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Signup and view all the answers

What is long-term potentiation?

An increase in a synapse's firing efficiency that occurs when the sequence of neurons that represents a particular memory fires repeatedly. Signup and view all the answers

What is explicit memory?

Memory of facts and experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is implicit memory?

Memory of skills and procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What is retrieval in memory?

The process of getting information out of memory storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is recall?

Type of retrieval in which you must search for information that you previously stored. Signup and view all the answers

What is recognition?

Type of retrieval in which you must identify items you learned earlier. Signup and view all the answers

What is the context effect?

Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information. Signup and view all the answers

What is state-dependent memory?

Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Information Processing Model

Encoding: Process of getting information into the memory system.
Storage: Retention of encoded information over time.
Retrieval: Act of getting information out of memory storage.

Types of Processing

Automatic Processing: Unconscious, effortless encoding of information like space, time, and frequency.
Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires focused attention and conscious effort.

Memory Techniques

Rehearsal: Conscious repetition of information to enhance memory retention.
Overlearning: Continuing to rehearse information even after it has been memorized.
Mnemonic Devices: Memory tricks or techniques to aid in recall, including the method of loci and peg-word system.

Serial Position Effects

Serial Position Effect: Tendency to better recall the first and last items in a list.
Primacy Effect: Enhanced ability to remember the initial items in a sequence.
Recency Effect: Enhanced ability to remember the final items in a sequence.

Practice Strategies

Spacing Effect: Distributed practice yields better retention compared to massed practice.
Distributed Practice: Spread rehearsal over several sessions separated by time.
Massed Practice: Conducting all rehearsal in one long session.

Types of Encoding

Semantic Encoding: Encoding based on the meaning of information, improving recall.
Acoustic Encoding: Encoding based on the sounds of information.
Visual Encoding: Encoding based on visual images and representations.
Self-Reference Effect: Enhanced semantic encoding when information is personally relevant.
Encoding Imagery: Using visual images for easier encoding.

Memory Organization

Chunking: Organizing information into meaningful units for easier recall.
Three Storage Systems:
- Sensory Memory: Brief coding of sensory information, including iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) stores.
- Short-Term Memory: Awareness of information before it is permanently stored or forgotten.
- Long-Term Memory: Relatively permanent, limitless storage of information.

Types of Memories

Flashbulb Memory: Vivid memories of emotionally significant moments or events.
Long-Term Potentiation: Increased efficiency in synapse firing that strengthens memory retention.

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory

Explicit Memory: Recall of facts and experiences; conscious retrieval.
Implicit Memory: Unconscious memory for skills and procedures.

Retrieval Mechanisms

Retrieval: Process of accessing stored information, often through recall or recognition.
Recall: Search for previously stored information.
Recognition: Identifying learned items from a list.

Contextual Influences on Memory

Context Effect: Enhanced ability to retrieve information in the same environment in which it was encoded.
State-Dependent Memory: Enhanced retrieval when in the same physical or emotional state as during encoding.

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Description

Explore key concepts of the information processing model through these flashcards. You'll learn about encoding, storage, retrieval, and the differences between automatic and effortful processing. Perfect for psychology students looking to enhance their memory skills.