Psychology Early Influences and Structuralism
16 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What aspect of human nature does humanistic psychology emphasize?

  • Behavioral reactions
  • Psychoanalytic instincts
  • Free will and self-actualization (correct)
  • Cognitive processing

    • Which of the following key figures is associated with humanistic psychology?

  • B.F. Skinner
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Jean Piaget
  • Carl Rogers (correct)

    • What does cognitive psychology focus on?

  • Psychoanalytic conflicts
  • Internal mental processes (correct)
  • Social interactions
  • Emotional responses

    • Which of the following is a primary focus of biological psychology?

    <p>Physiological and neurological bases of behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes evolutionary psychology?

    <p>It applies principles of natural selection to behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key focus of structuralism in psychology?

    <p>Analyzing the basic elements of consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-cultural psychology primarily study?

    <p>Psychological phenomena across different cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the contributions of cognitive psychology to technology?

    <p>Advancements in artificial intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did functionalism differ from structuralism?

    <p>It investigated the purpose of mental processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis emphasize?

    <p>The influence of the unconscious mind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of analysis combines biological, psychological, and behavioral aspects?

    <p>Biological psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of behaviorism?

    <p>Focus on observable behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory proposes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?

    <p>Gestalt psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which influential figure is associated with the founding of structuralism?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant limitation of introspection as used in structuralism?

    <p>It was subjective and difficult to replicate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach developed by William James focuses on the function of mental processes?

    <p>Functionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Structuralism

    A school of thought that focuses on breaking down mental processes into their basic components using introspection, a method of self-reporting.

    Functionalism

    A school of thought that emphasizes the purpose and function of mental processes in helping organisms adapt to their environments. It draws inspiration from Darwin's theory of evolution.

    Psychoanalysis

    A school of thought that emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior and personality. It suggests that early childhood experiences have a profound influence on our development.

    Behaviorism

    A school of thought that focuses solely on observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. It rejects the idea of studying internal mental processes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gestalt Psychology

    A school of thought that emphasizes the whole and the pattern of perception and experience, suggesting that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Introspection

    A technique used by structuralists that involves examining one's own conscious experiences and reporting them in detail.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Id, ego, and superego

    Concepts proposed by Freud to explain the structure of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. These represent different forces that influence behavior.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Defense mechanisms

    Strategies employed by the mind to protect itself from anxiety and conflict. These include repression, denial, and projection.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Humanistic Psychology

    A school of psychology that emphasizes the individual's potential for growth, self-actualization, and free will. It focuses on the positive aspects of human nature and the importance of personal meaning and experience.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cognitive Psychology

    A branch of psychology that explores how mental processes like thought, memory, and language influence behavior. It uses experimental methods and computer models to understand how information is processed.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Biological Psychology

    This field investigates the biological and neurological processes that underlie psychological phenomena. It explores the brain, hormones, and genes, and how they contribute to our behavior and mental states.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Evolutionary Psychology

    A field that applies evolutionary principles to understand the origins and adaptive functions of human behavior and mental processes. It examines how our behaviors have evolved to solve problems faced by our ancestors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cross-cultural Psychology

    This branch of psychology compares psychological phenomena across different cultures, highlighting the impact of cultural context on behavior and mental processes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is a key characteristic of humanistic psychology?

    It emerged as a reaction against behaviorism and psychoanalysis, emphasizing individual freedom and personal growth.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the focus of cognitive psychology?

    This approach emphasizes the study of internal mental processes, such as memory, attention, and language.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    What is the focus of biological psychology?

    This approach examines the biological foundations of behavior and mental processes, including how the brain, hormones, and genes influence our actions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Early Influences and Precursors

    • Ancient Greek philosophers (Plato, Aristotle) pondered the mind, consciousness, and knowledge.
    • Physiological studies of the brain and nervous system formed the biological basis for mental process understanding.
    • Investigations into sensation and perception provided empirical data about the mind.

    Structuralism

    • Wilhelm Wundt founded structuralism.
    • Structuralism analyzed consciousness's basic elements using introspection (self-reporting).
    • Focused on sensations, feelings, and images.
    • Introspection's subjectivity limited replication & verification.

    Functionalism

    • William James led functionalism.
    • Functionalism examined consciousness's purpose and function, influenced by Darwin's evolution.
    • Investigated how mental processes adapt to the environment.
    • Focused on practical applications like education and industry, expanding psychology's scope.

    Psychoanalysis

    • Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing the unconscious mind's impact on behavior.
    • Concepts like the id, ego, and superego, and defense mechanisms were proposed.
    • Early childhood experiences shaped personality and behavior, according to psychoanalysis.
    • Talk therapy was introduced as a treatment method.
    • Psychoanalysis was influential but lacked rigorous empirical support.

    Behaviorism

    • Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner led behaviorism.
    • Behaviorism focused on observable behaviors and learning/conditioning as behavior determinants.
    • Rejected consciousness as a scientific subject.
    • Behaviorism highlighted the crucial role of environmental factors.
    • Classical and operant conditioning techniques were established.

    Gestalt Psychology

    • Gestalt psychology emphasized the whole (perception/experience) over components.
    • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    • Key figures were Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka.
    • Contributed to perception, problem-solving, and creativity.

    Humanistic Psychology

    • Humanistic psychology reacted against behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
    • It emphasized free will, self-actualization, and personal growth.
    • Key figures were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
    • Focused on human nature's positive aspects, intrinsic motivation, and personal responsibility.
    • Emphasized individuals' value and inherent worth.
    • Developed self-discovery and personal fulfillment therapies.

    Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive psychology revived mental processes as scientific study subjects.
    • Emphasized internal mental processes and their impact on behavior.
    • Studies included information processing, memory, language, and problem-solving.
    • Used experimental methods and computer models to understand cognitive functions.
    • Advancements in artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction resulted.

    Biological Psychology

    • Biological psychology investigated the physiological and neurological bases of behavior/mental processes.
    • It explored the brain, hormones, genes, and their effect on cognition, emotion, and motivation.
    • Combined biological, psychological, and behavioral perspectives for analysis.
    • Offered an understanding of neural networks' role in various psychological phenomena.

    Evolutionary Psychology

    • Evolutionary psychology applied Darwin’s natural selection to understand behavior/mental process origins.
    • It studied behavioral adaptations' evolution that addressed evolutionary challenges.
    • Offered evolutionary contexts for interpretations of human behavior.
    • Investigated the adaptive functions of mental processes.

    Cross-cultural Psychology

    • Cross-cultural psychology investigated the impact of culture on behavior/mental processes.
    • It compared psychological phenomena across diverse cultures.
    • Showcased the essential role of cultural context in influencing attitudes, behaviors, and cognitive processes.
    • Challenged universal assumptions found in various psychological perspectives.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the early influences on psychology, including philosophical thought and physiological studies. It delves into key concepts of structuralism and functionalism, highlighting contributions from pioneers like Wundt and James. Test your understanding of these foundational ideas in the field of psychology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser