General Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What did John B. Watson identify as the primary focus of psychology?

  • Emotional responses
  • Social influences
  • Observable behaviors (correct)
  • Internal mental processes

Which concept explains that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated?

  • Operant Conditioning
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Law of Effect (correct)
  • Conditioned Response

Which experiment by Watson demonstrated classical conditioning in humans?

  • Little Albert Experiment (correct)
  • Conditioned Reflex Studies
  • Fear Conditioning in Animals
  • Operant Conditioning Study

What technique did B.F. Skinner develop to shape behavior?

<p>Operant Conditioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the method used in Watson's Little Albert Experiment?

<p>Controlled Experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response?

<p>Classical Conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral psychologist is known for his work with reinforcement and punishment?

<p>B.F. Skinner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial reaction of Little Albert to the white rat before conditioning?

<p>He became indifferent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychology did Freud emphasize in his theories?

<p>Unconscious mind (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Freud use to surface unconscious thoughts?

<p>Psychoanalysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behaviorism, what is the primary focus of study?

<p>Observable behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main finding of Watson's Little Albert Experiment?

<p>Emotional responses can be conditioned (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did B.F. Skinner introduce to describe how behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments?

<p>Operant conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud compare the mind to in order to explain consciousness and the unconscious?

<p>An iceberg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT associated with psychoanalysis?

<p>Conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant outcome of B.F. Skinner's research on behavior?

<p>Reward and punishment shape behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept demonstrated by classical conditioning in Watson's experiments?

<p>Emotional responses can be conditioned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Watson believe about the influence of the environment on behavior?

<p>It can shape individuals into any specialist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Watson's view differ from Freudian theory in terms of behavior?

<p>He focused on observable behavior and external stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what domain did Watson apply classical conditioning principles to influence consumer behavior?

<p>Advertising strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant outcome was demonstrated through Watson's experiment with Little Albert?

<p>Fear responses could be conditioned in humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of behavior did Watson emphasize as pivotal compared to earlier psychological theories?

<p>The role of environmental stimuli and consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key contribution of Watson's work to the field of psychology?

<p>Establishment of behaviorism as a dominant paradigm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson's experiments on human behavior challenge existing notions about emotions?

<p>They suggested emotions can be conditioned through experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A process where a neutral stimulus (like a rat) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (a loud noise) creating a conditioned response (fear) to the neutral stimulus.

Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto

John B. Watson's belief that the environment shapes behavior, not innate traits.

Environmental Influence on Behavior

The idea that our actions are primarily influenced by external factors like rewards and punishments, rather than internal drives.

Classical Conditioning in Human Behavior

The application of classical conditioning to understanding a range of human behaviors like phobias and habits.

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Behavior and Advertising

Using psychological techniques, based on classical conditioning, to influence consumer responses to products.

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The Little Albert Experiment

A famous experiment where a baby, Little Albert, was conditioned to fear a white rat after it was paired with a loud noise.

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Behavioral Psychology

The study of how observable behavior is shaped and learned through environmental factors.

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Extinction in Conditioning

A process where learned responses through conditioning are weakened or eliminated.

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Unconscious Mind

The part of our mind that we are not aware of but which still influences our behavior. It includes hidden desires, fears, and memories.

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Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic technique used to uncover hidden desires and memories in the unconscious mind through techniques like dream analysis and free association.

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Behaviorism

A field in psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through interactions with the environment.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning where behavior is shaped by its consequences. Rewards increase the likelihood of repeating a behavior, while punishments decrease it.

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Little Albert Experiment

A famous experiment where a baby was conditioned to fear white rats by pairing them with a loud noise. Demonstrates that fear responses can be learned.

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John B. Watson

A psychologist famous for pioneering behaviorism, focusing on observable behaviors and how they are learned through the environment.

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Conditioning

The process of learning by association, where a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a bell) that produces a natural response (e.g., salivation). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits the response.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that is paired with a conditioned stimulus and eventually acquires the ability to elicit the conditioned response.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

In classical conditioning, the natural stimulus that elicits a natural, unlearned response.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The natural, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus, which becomes the conditioned stimulus after repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Study Notes

General Psychology Study Notes

  • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
  • Psychology evolved from philosophical questions to a scientific discipline.
  • Ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, laid groundwork by developing ideas about nativism and empiricism, respectively.
  • Plato believed some knowledge was innate, while Aristotle thought all knowledge comes from experience.
  • René Descartes introduced dualism, proposing the mind and body as separate entities.
  • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, marking psychology as a science.
  • Wundt's method was introspection, where people described their own thoughts and sensations.
  • Structuralism, a school of thought within psychology, aimed to analyze the basic elements of consciousness.
  • Functionalism, another school of thought, focused on the purpose of mental processes.
  • William James was a key figure in functionalism, asking questions about the purpose of the mind.
  • Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of the unconscious mind, arguing that unconscious desires and feelings affect behavior.
  • Behaviorism emerged in the early 20th century, focused on observable behavior and learning.
  • Key figures in behaviorism included John B. Watson, who emphasized observable behavior, and B.F. Skinner, known for operant conditioning.
  • Humanistic psychology emerged as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, focusing on the positive aspects of human nature and personal growth.
  • Key figures in humanistic psychology include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
  • The cognitive perspective emphasizes internal mental processes such as memory, language, and problem-solving.
  • Cognitive psychology arose in the 1950s and 1960s as a reaction to behaviorism.
  • Core concepts in cognitive psychology include perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and language.
  • Key figures in cognitive psychology include Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky.
  • Modern psychology is a diverse field encompassing different perspectives and theoretical approaches, integrating aspects of biological, cognitive, emotional, and social processes.

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Description

Explore the foundations and evolution of psychology from philosophical roots to a scientific discipline. This quiz covers key concepts, notable figures, and schools of thought like structuralism and functionalism. Test your knowledge on the major developments that shaped psychology as we know it today.

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