Psychology Development Concepts

An active process where children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and act according to their expectations and beliefs.

Organizing influences affect brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty, while activating influences affect the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and behavioral responses.

By about 3 years of age, when they can label other people's and their own gender.

<p>Gender identity refers to self-identifying as a boy or girl, while gender stability refers to the awareness that gender remains the same over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingroup bias is the tendency to evaluate ingroup individuals and characteristics more positively, and ingroup assimilation is the process of socializing individuals to conform to the group's norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender stability refers to the awareness that gender remains the same over time, while gender constancy refers to the realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in appearance or behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intersectionality refers to the interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially about overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social cognitive theory posits that an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical conditioning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response, whereas instrumental conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on their outcomes or consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social learning theory posits that individuals acquire knowledge, skills, and values through observing and interacting with others in their social environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social scaffolding refers to the process by which a more knowledgeable person provides support and guidance to a learner, gradually transferring responsibility until the learner can perform the task independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peers, teachers, and other adults contribute to shaping children's values and standards through social learning, influencing their behavior and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers