7 Developmental Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What type of morality involves adopting parents' moral standards?

Universal ethical principles morality

Conventional morality (correct)

Social contract morality

Postconventional morality

What is the primary focus of stage 4 of moral development?

Understanding social order and laws (correct)

Evaluating laws based on utility

Personal relationships and expectations

Developing universal human rights

What is the term for the process of examining and evaluating one's life during late adulthood?

Activity theory

Life review (correct)

Social world theory

Adjusting to death

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, what is the final stage of facing impending death?

Acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period when people may begin to question their lives during social development?

Midlife transition Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of parental divorce on children's relationships later in life?

They are less likely to establish close relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of the pattern of change that begins from conception and continues throughout the lifespan?

Developmental psychology Signup and view all the answers

During which period does the fertilized egg develop a heart, brain, and other organs?

Embryonic period Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely?

Age of viability Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for environmental agents that produce birth defects?

Teratogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

Reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of cognitive development characterized by symbolic thought, language development, and egocentric thought?

Preoperational stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience?

Cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of cognitive development characterized by concrete and logical thought?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the awareness that objects continue to exist even if they are out of sight?

Object permanence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a child adds new knowledge to their existing schemas?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gap between what children can accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves?

Zone of proximal development Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the formal operational stage?

Abstract, idealistic, and logical thought Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the theory that suggests that moral development occurs in a three-level, six-stage sequence?

Kohlberg's theory of moral development Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the primary way that cognitive development occurs?

Through social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of intelligence that shows decline in late adulthood?

Fluid intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed?

Imprinting Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from their own point of view?

Adolescent egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the study that compared the attachment of children to a wire monkey and a cloth monkey?

Harry Harlow's study Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of intelligence that remains steady and in some cases improves in late adulthood?

Crystallized intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of stage 5 of moral development?

Laws are social contracts created by humans and should be evaluated based on their utility Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of single-parent households on children?

Children may blame themselves, or feel pressure to take sides Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the activity theory of aging?

To maintain the interests and activities of earlier stages of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of moral development characterized by mutual interpersonal expectations and relationships?

Stage 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of stage 4 of moral development?

Understanding social order, law, and justice Signup and view all the answers

What is the period when people may begin to question their lives during social development?

Midlife transition Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of moral development characterized by moral standards based on universal human rights?

Stage 6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of single-parent households on the economy?

Economically worse off Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of examining and evaluating one's life during late adulthood?

Life review Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of postconventional morality?

Using own standards to judge right and wrong Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the social contract or utility and individual rights stage of moral development?

Evaluating laws based on their utility or contribution to the greater good Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence for children whose parents get divorced?

Difficulty in establishing close relationships later in life Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of examining and evaluating one's life during late adulthood?

Life review Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the activity theory of aging?

To promote successful aging by maintaining interests and activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of postconventional morality?

Using own standards to judge right and wrong Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of single-parent households on the economy?

Economic difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period when people may begin to question their lives during social development?

Midlife crisis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of stage 3 of moral development?

Mutual interpersonal expectations and relationships Signup and view all the answers

What are the five stages of facing impending death suggested by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence for single-parent households?

Economic difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of young adults during the Isolation stage of Erikson's theory?

To form deep connections with others Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of successfully resolving the Integrity vs. Despair stage of Erikson's theory?

Wisdom and a sense of closure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of adults during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage of Erikson's theory?

Contributing to society and future generations Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failing to resolve the Isolation stage of Erikson's theory?

Feelings of isolation and disconnection Signup and view all the answers

What is the emphasis of Erikson's theory?

The importance of successfully resolving each stage's crisis Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Erikson's psychosocial development do children explore their environment and start taking initiative in play and social interactions?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when children succeed in the 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt' stage?

They experience feelings of autonomy Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do adolescents focus on developing a sense of identity and self-concept?

Identity vs. Role Confusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when children fail to develop a sense of autonomy during the 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt' stage?

They feel ashamed and doubtful Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Industry vs. Inferiority' stage?

Engaging in tasks that require persistence and skill development Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do infants learn to trust caregivers to meet their basic needs?

Trust vs. Mistrust Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of authoritative parents?

They are responsive to their children's emotional needs and set clear rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of parenting style is associated with positive outcomes such as high self-esteem, self-discipline, and social competence in children?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of children raised in authoritarian households?

They struggle with self-esteem, social skills, and independence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of permissive parents?

They are lenient and indulgent, setting few rules and boundaries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of uninvolved parents?

They are low in both responsiveness and demandingness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of children raised in permissive environments?

They struggle with self-regulation, decision-making, and following rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage individuals may experience when facing impending death?

Denial Signup and view all the answers

In the bargaining stage, individuals may try to negotiate with:

A higher power or themselves Signup and view all the answers

During the depression stage, individuals may experience feelings of:

Deep sadness, grief, and despair Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of facing impending death?

Acceptance Signup and view all the answers

In what stage do individuals direct their anger towards?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of denial in the face of impending death?

To protect oneself from the harsh reality of death Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Development

Children are able to do concrete operations in the concrete operational stage (7-12 years old) and abstract, idealistic, and logical thought in the formal operational stage (12+ years old)
Vygotsky's view of cognitive development emphasizes the role of culture and social interactions in shaping cognitive development
Zone of proximal development (ZPD): the gap between what children can accomplish alone and what they can accomplish with the guidance of others
Scaffolding: providing support for learning to help children reach their ZPD
Adolescent egocentrism: a state of self-absorption in which teenagers view the world from their own perspective
Imaginary audience: the belief that everybody is looking at them
Personal fables: the belief that one's experience is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development: the development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of themselves as members of society
Eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to late adulthood

Attachment

Attachment: a positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
Imprinting: a behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object observed
Harry Harlow's study on attachment: wire monkey versus cloth monkey
Assessing attachment: the Ainsworth strange situation (involving a child and caregiver, typically the mother)
Types of attachment: secure, avoidant, resistant (ambivalent), and disorganized-disoriented

Moral and Cognitive Development

Kohlberg's theory of moral development: a three-level, six-stage sequence of moral reasoning development
Preconventional morality: judging right and wrong based on probability of rewards and punishments
Conventional morality: judging right and wrong based on social norms and expectations
Postconventional morality: judging right and wrong based on individual principles and values### Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology: study of the pattern of change that starts from conception and continues throughout the lifespan

The Earliest Development

Zygote: new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
Germinal period: first 2 weeks after conception
Embryo: developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs
Embryonic period: 2 weeks after conception until organs are clearly recognizable
Fetus: developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth
Fetal period: from 8 weeks after conception until birth
Age of viability: point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely (22 weeks)

Prenatal Environmental Influences

Sensitive periods: times when organisms are susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli
Teratogens: environmental agents that produce a birth defect
Examples of teratogens:
- Mother's nutrition
- Mother's illness
- Mother's emotional state
- Mother's drug use
- Mother's age
- Incompatible blood types
- Paternal factors

The Extraordinary Newborn

Neonate: newborn child
Reflexes: unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Examples of reflexes:
- Rooting reflex
- Sucking reflex
- Gag reflex
- Startle reflex
- Babinski reflex

Motor Development Milestones

Physical development:
- Children gain triple their birth weight during the first year of life
- Increase in height by half during the first year of life
- From age 3 to adolescence, average growth of 5 pounds (2.3 kg) and 3 inches (7.6 cm) per year

Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent

Adolescence: developmental stage between childhood and adulthood
Puberty: period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs
Onset of puberty:
- 11 or 12 years for girls
- 13 or 14 years for boys

Cognitive Development: Children's Thinking About the World

Process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience
Important processes and concepts:
- Organization: tendency in human beings
- Schemas: actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
- Assimilation: adding new knowledge to schemas
- Accommodation: adding new knowledge that requires changing schemas
- Equilibrium: state of balance between pre-existing schema and environment

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor stage: stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child constructs their understanding of the world through coordinating sensory experiences and motor movements
Object permanence: awareness that objects continue to exist even if they are out of sight
Preoperational stage: period from 2 to 7 years of age, characterized by symbolic thought, language development, and egocentric thought
Egocentric thought: way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from their own perspective
Principle of conservation: knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
Concrete operational stage: period from 7 to 12 years of age, characterized by concrete and logical thought
Formal operational stage: period from age 12 to adulthood, characterized by abstract, idealistic, and logical thought

Vygotsky's View of Cognitive Development

Cognitive development occurs as a consequence of social interactions in which children work with others to jointly solve problems
Zone of proximal development (ZPD): gap between what children already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves
Scaffolding: provides support for learning

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial development: development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society
Eight stages of psychosocial development:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, 1-3 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3-5 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-11 years)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 years)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 19-40 years)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years)
- Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65+ years)

Parenting Styles

Four main types of parenting styles:
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolved

Facing Impending Death

Five stages of facing impending death:
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance

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Description

Test your knowledge of developmental psychology, from conception to the embryonic period. Learn about the zygote, embryo, and organ development during the earliest stages of life.