Psychology: Confidentiality and Prognosis Factors

A depressed affect refers to a temporary, immediate, and observable display of sadness, negativity, or hopelessness. It's a fleeting emotional state.

A depressed mood is a sustained and pervasive feeling of sadness, worthlessness, or hopelessness that lasts for a longer period.

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia involve a decrease in normal emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. These include flat affect, alogia (poverty of speech), avolition (lack of motivation), anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure), and social withdrawal.

The prodromal phase is the early stage of schizophrenia, characterized by subtle changes in behavior and personality, such as social withdrawal, difficulty concentrating, and unusual thoughts or beliefs.

Schizophrenia usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. A later age of onset suggests a potentially better prognosis, meaning the individual might have a more positive outcome.

An acute onset of schizophrenia means the symptoms appear suddenly and severely.

The biopsychosocial model views mental disorders as arising from a complex interplay of biological factors (genetics, neurochemistry), psychological factors (thoughts, feelings, behaviors), and social factors (culture, environment, relationships).

Parkinson's disease is caused by the death of neurons that produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in movement control.

Interpersonal therapy helps individuals understand how their relationships and social interactions contribute to their depression. It focuses on improving communication, coping skills, and social support.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other functions. Imbalances in serotonin levels are linked to depression and other mood disorders.

Intentionally faking or exaggerating symptoms for personal gain (e.g., avoiding work, getting financial benefits).

A psychological condition where emotional distress manifests as physical symptoms (e.g., paralysis, blindness) with no underlying medical cause.

Excessive worry and fear of having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.

Experiencing physical symptoms (pain, fatigue, etc.) that cause significant distress and disrupt daily life.

A brief mental test to assess cognitive function, including memory, attention, and language.

A mental disorder characterized by distorted perceptions of reality (hallucinations), illogical thoughts, and disorganized behavior.

Explains mental disorders in terms of biological processes (genetics, brain structure, neurochemicals).

Hearing things that are not there, a common symptom in schizophrenia.

This approach to diagnosis treats mental disorders as distinct categories, with clear boundaries between them. It assumes each disorder is unique and does not overlap with others.

This approach to diagnosis focuses on the degree or intensity of a disorder's symptoms. It recognizes that disorders exist on a spectrum and can vary in severity.

Schizophrenia often appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. Women typically experience a later age of onset compared to men.

This disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Individuals with this disorder may experience memory gaps, changes in behavior, and a sense of being detached from their own thoughts and feelings.

A history of severe child abuse is a common factor associated with the development of Dissociative Identity Disorder.

Common symptoms associated with Dissociative Identity Disorder include substance abuse, hallucinations, and delusions. However, delusions are not necessarily present in every case.

Mourning, a natural response to loss, is different from dissociative identity disorder. Mourning involves sadness and grief, while dissociative identity disorder involves distinct personalities.

Delusions, although common in other disorders, are not necessarily present in all cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder.

They challenge the way individuals view their bodies, helping them to develop a more positive self-perception. These therapies aim to address harmful beliefs and negative feelings associated with one's body.

A mental health condition where a person intentionally fakes or exaggerates symptoms of illness to gain attention or sympathy from medical professionals. They don't actually have the illness they're pretending to have.

This view sees eating disorders as learned behaviors shaped by environmental factors and personal experiences. It emphasizes the role of reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning in the development and maintenance of these disorders.

Yes, it's normal to have occasional strange or intrusive thoughts that are not necessarily indicative of OCD. OCD involves obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors that are uncontrollable and distressing.

The exam reveals an inconsistency between the symptoms reported and the objective findings, suggesting the employee may be feigning illness. This inconsistency raises suspicion of malingering or factitious disorder.

A medical term for bedwetting, which can be categorized as either monosymptomatic (only bedwettting) or nonmonosymptomatic (bedwetting along with other symptoms).

Criteria for determining if a mental health issue meets legal standards, often used in legal proceedings.

Common reactions to loss, including sleep disturbances, weight changes, and difficulty focusing.

A therapist's approach to treating schizophrenia may be influenced by different theories like behavioral, psychoanalytic, or family systems.

A treatment approach where a therapist helps a person with schizophrenia view their internal experiences (hallucinations) as caused by external influences.

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing behaviors through techniques like reinforcement and conditioning.

Focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts and patterns rooted in early childhood experiences.

A therapeutic approach that views the individual within a family context and addresses how family dynamics contribute to mental health issues.

A defining feature of PTSD is the presence of significant impairment in an individual's ability to function in daily life. This impairment can manifest in various areas, such as work, relationships, and overall well-being.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging (induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives) to prevent weight gain.

One popular theory suggests that depression may be linked to depleted levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter crucial for regulating mood and other functions.

Some substances can lead to an increase in appetite. This effect indicates that the substance may impact pathways in the brain that control hunger and satiety.

Personality disorders are marked by inflexible and unhealthy personality traits that significantly impair functioning and social relationships. These traits often deviate significantly from societal norms.

The biological perspective attributes depression primarily to imbalances in neurotransmitters and brain structures. It suggests that genetic predispositions and physiological factors play a significant role.

Personality disorders are characterized by significant deviations from societal norms and adaptive functioning. They involve inflexible and unhealthy personality traits that cause substantial distress and impairment. Normal personality styles, however, are more flexible and adaptable, with traits that generally fall within the range of social expectations.

The biopsychosocial model views mental health issues as a complex interplay of biological factors (genetics, neurochemistry), psychological factors (thoughts, feelings, behaviors), and social factors (culture, environment, relationships). It emphasizes the interconnectedness of these domains in shaping mental well-being.