Psychology Concepts: Self and Society
57 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What describes the bottom-up approach to self-esteem?

  • Evaluation of self based on individual experiences (correct)
  • Motivation based on societal standards
  • Influence of external factors on self-perception
  • Assessment determined by peer comparisons

    • Which concept relates to how we perceive ourselves using others?

  • Self-reference effect
  • Possible selves
  • Self-schema
  • Looking glass self (correct)

    • What is the impact bias primarily related to?

  • Misjudging the duration of emotional reactions (correct)
  • Accurately predicting future happiness
  • Underestimating emotional resilience
  • Making poor decisions based on past failures

    • Which of the following is an example of self-discrepancy?

    <p>Experiencing guilt due to not meeting internal goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the locus of control refer to?

    <p>The degree of control one thinks they have over their life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does insufficient justification play in cognitive dissonance?

    <p>It causes people to rationalize their actions by aligning them with their beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of conformity, what factor increases the likelihood of individuals conforming to a group?

    <p>When there is a high level of group cohesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques involves making a small request followed by a larger one?

    <p>Foot-in-the-door technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that can lead to obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram's experiments?

    <p>Appearance and legitimacy of authority figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence does conformity have on individuals in public situations?

    <p>It increases conformity when responses are visible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the phenomenon of dehumanization in the context of obedience?

    <p>Minimizing the victim's humanity to justify actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of social influence results from an individual’s desire to gain approval?

    <p>Normative influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Asch's line experiment, what happens to the accuracy of responses in a group setting?

    <p>Individuals are less likely to give correct answers when group norms are established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reactance in social behavior?

    <p>Opposing rules or restrictions, such as underage drinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-perception theory explain behavior regarding habitual actions?

    <p>It suggests that actions form beliefs about oneself over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does learned helplessness suggest about an individual's perception of control?

    <p>They feel they have no control, even when they do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the self-serving bias primarily concerned with?

    <p>Blaming external factors for failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The false consensus effect leads individuals to believe that their personal views are what?

    <p>Shared by the majority of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication of the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?

    <p>Underestimating environmental influences on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes creating obstacles to protect self-esteem from potential failure?

    <p>Self-handicapping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribution style suggests attributing behavior to personality traits?

    <p>Internal attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the principle of aggregation relate to attitudes predicting behavior?

    <p>It focuses on overall behavior across multiple situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mental state arises from a contradiction between beliefs and behaviors?

    <p>Cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs?

    <p>Confirmation bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is likely to lead individuals to internalize or adopt attitudes they initially held weakly?

    <p>Role-playing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribution style is indicated by a high level of consistency in behavior?

    <p>Internal attribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a behavior that threatens self-esteem and may lead to maladaptive consequences?

    <p>Procrastinating on tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a subtle form of seeking validation while appearing modest?

    <p>False modesty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'rosy retrospection' refer to in the context of memory?

    <p>Recalling events more favorably than they were experienced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural influence encourages a focus on dispositional explanations for behavior?

    <p>Individualism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to self-esteem is primarily based on individual experiences and accomplishments?

    <p>Bottom-up approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impact bias leads individuals to accurately estimate their emotional reactions to future events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the discrepancies between an individual's actual self and their ideal or ought self?

    <p>Self-discrepancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ self refers to how individuals actually see themselves, in contrast to their ideal or ought selves.

    <p>actual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Self-efficacy = Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations Locus of control = Degree of control one believes they have over their life Social comparison = Evaluating oneself against others Hindsight bias = Tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological phenomenon occurs when an individual has insufficient justification for their behavior, leading to a change in their beliefs?

    <p>Cognitive Dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obedience involves changing one's beliefs to align with a group's expectations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect where individuals conform more in smaller groups rather than in larger groups?

    <p>Group size effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique where a small request is made followed by a larger request is called the __________ technique.

    <p>foot-in-the-door</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor decreases the likelihood of conformity when responding in a public setting?

    <p>Prior commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehumanization is a psychological factor that can increase obedience by creating emotional distance from the victim.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one tactic used to gain compliance that involves presenting a person or object as scarce.

    <p>Scarcity tactic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ technique involves making a large request first and then following it with a smaller request.

    <p>door-in-the-face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of influence leads individuals to conform in order to gain social approval?

    <p>Normative influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The false uniqueness effect involves overestimating the number of others achieving similar success.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when people recall happy memories more favorably than they were experienced?

    <p>rosy retrospection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where an individual blames external factors to protect self-esteem is called __________.

    <p>self-protective attributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following attribution types with their definitions:

    <p>Internal Attribution = Based on personality traits External Attribution = Based on environmental factors High Consensus = Attributing behavior to the actions of others Low Distinctiveness = Attributing behavior to the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fundamental attribution error (FAE) causes individuals to:

    <p>Underestimate situational influences and overestimate personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-handicapping occurs when individuals create obstacles to excuse poor performance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is it called when a person's beliefs lead them to act in ways that induce expected behaviors in others?

    <p>self-fulfilling prophecy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort caused by __________ between beliefs and behaviors.

    <p>conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of false modesty?

    <p>A person actively downplays their efforts to gain recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of aggregation suggests that specific behaviors should be used to assess overall attitudes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads an individual to experience tension due to inconsistency in behaviors and beliefs?

    <p>self-justification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their explanations:

    <p>Confirmation Bias = Seeking information that supports existing beliefs Overconfidence Phenomenon = Overestimating the accuracy of one’s beliefs Misinformation Effect = Incorporating false details into memory Priming = A stimulus that triggers associations in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who believe their personal views represent the majority exhibit the __________ effect.

    <p>false consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hindsight Bias

    • The tendency to believe, after an event occurs, that one would have foreseen it.

    Social Influence

    Self-Reference Effect

    • Relating information to oneself to enhance memory.

    Self-Schema

    • How individuals view themselves.

    Possible Selves

    • Desires and fears regarding the future self.

    Self-Esteem

    • Bottom-Up Approach: Derived from one's achievements and experiences.
    • Top-Down Approach: Influenced by societal standards, beliefs, and external factors.
    • Self-Discrepancy: Inconsistency between the actual, ideal, and ought selves. This incompatibility can cause anxiety, guilt, and feelings of inadequacy.

    Social Comparisons

    • Taking pleasure in the failures of others, sometimes without acknowledging it.

    Looking-Glass Self

    • Perceiving oneself through the perceptions of others.

    Individualism vs. Collectivism

    • Individualism: Associated with Western cultures, emphasizing personal achievement and independence.
    • Collectivism: Emphasizes group harmony and interdependence.

    Planning Fallacy

    • Overestimating the time needed to complete a task.

    Impact Bias

    • Overestimating the intensity and duration of emotional reactions to future events.
      • Underestimating resilience.
      • Includes implicit and explicit attitudes.
      • Related to self-efficacy and locus of control.

    Locus of Control

    • Degree of control individuals believe they have over their lives.

    Learned Helplessness & Resignation

    • Believing one has no control over their circumstances, even when they do.

    Self-Serving Bias

    • Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, maintaining self-esteem.

    False Consensus Effect

    • Overestimating the proportion of others who share one's beliefs and behaviors.

    False Uniqueness Effect

    • Underestimating the number of others who share one's positive attributes or successes.

    Self-Handicapping

    • Creating obstacles or excuses to protect self-esteem.

    Self-Esteem & Maladaptive Consequences

    • Low Self-Esteem: Associated with internalized and externalized problems (e.g., depression, drug abuse).
    • High Self-Esteem: Less defensive when self-esteem is threatened.

    False Modesty

    • A form of seeking validation or recognition through apparent modesty.

    Attributional Styles

    • Internal Attribution: Personality traits.
    • External Attribution: Environmental factors.

    Theory of Attribution

    • Consensus: Do others behave similarly?
    • Distinctiveness: Does the person behave similarly in other situations?
    • Consistency: Does the person behave similarly over time?

    Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

    • Overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors in explaining others' behaviors.
    • Occurs because observers focus on the person rather than the situation.

    Preconceptions

    • Preexisting beliefs that can affect how social information is interpreted.

    Memory Construction

    • Memories are formed after events, influenced by current feelings and expectations.

    Rosy Retrospection

    • Recall of happy memories more favorably than initially experienced.

    Misinformation Effect

    • Incorporation of false information into memory.

    Priming

    • Activation of associated memories by a particular stimulus.

    Overconfidence Phenomenon

    • Exaggerated confidence in one's beliefs or abilities.

    Confirmation Bias

    • Seeking and interpreting information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.

    Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

    • Expectations influencing behavior, leading to confirmation of those expectations.

    Implicit Attitudes

    • Attitudes that unconsciously predict behaviors and judgments.

    Attitudes Predicting Behavior

    • Attitudes predict behavior when considered as an aggregate/average across many situations, not a specific instance.

    Behavior Affecting Attitudes

    • Role-Playing: Adopting social roles.
    • Saying Becomes Believing: Internalizing expressed attitudes.
    • Evil Acts and Attitudes: Engaging in conflicting behaviors can change attitudes. This is linked to cognitive dissonance.

    Cognitive Dissonance

    • Psychological discomfort from conflicting beliefs & behaviors.

    Insufficient Justification

    • Lack of adequate external justification for a behavior, leading to internal justification. eg lying because you dont have enough money to convince yourself it is interesting

    Self-Perception Theory

    • Inferring attitudes/beliefs from behaviors.

    Conformity

    • Changing behaviors or beliefs to match social norms.

    Compliance

    • Following requests or rules to obtain rewards/ avoid punishments.

    Obedience

    • Complying with commands from an authority figure.

    Acceptance

    • Acknowledging and respecting others' beliefs.

    Conformity Factors:

    • Group Size (3-5 people is effective).
    • Unanimity (agreement is essential).
    • Cohesion (strong group bonds increase conformity).
    • Status (higher-status individuals influence others more).
    • Public Response (conformity increases).

    Conformity Reasons

    • Normative Influence (seeking social approval).
    • Informational Influence (seeking accurate information).

    Compliance Tactics

    • Ingratiation: Flattery, self-promotion.
    • Foot-in-the-Door: Small request, then larger.
    • Lowballing: Attractive offer, then increased cost.
    • Door-in-the-Face: Large request, then smaller.
    • Playing Hard to Get: Scarcity principle
    • Deadline Technique: Scarcity principle

    Resisting Social Pressure

    • Reactance: Re-assertion of autonomy when pressured.
    • Asserting Uniqueness:Desire to seem different

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore key concepts in psychology such as hindsight bias, self-reference effect, and individualism vs. collectivism. This quiz tests your understanding of how personal identity and social influence shape our perceptions and self-esteem. Enhance your grasp of these essential psychological theories.

    More Like This

    Social Identity and Self-Esteem Quiz
    40 questions

    Social Identity and Self-Esteem Quiz

    SelfSufficientHill avatar
    SelfSufficientHill
    Self-Esteem Measurement in Social Psychology
    40 questions

    Self-Esteem Measurement in Social Psychology

    RazorSharpHealing3008 avatar
    RazorSharpHealing3008
    Social Psychology: Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
    44 questions

    Social Psychology: Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

    DependableKineticArt64 avatar
    DependableKineticArt64
    Influência Social II
    49 questions

    Influência Social II

    SelfSatisfactionFriendship avatar
    SelfSatisfactionFriendship
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser