Podcast
Questions and Answers
What describes the bottom-up approach to self-esteem?
What describes the bottom-up approach to self-esteem?
- Evaluation of self based on individual experiences (correct)
- Motivation based on societal standards
- Influence of external factors on self-perception
- Assessment determined by peer comparisons
Which concept relates to how we perceive ourselves using others?
Which concept relates to how we perceive ourselves using others?
- Self-reference effect
- Possible selves
- Self-schema
- Looking glass self (correct)
What is the impact bias primarily related to?
What is the impact bias primarily related to?
- Misjudging the duration of emotional reactions (correct)
- Accurately predicting future happiness
- Underestimating emotional resilience
- Making poor decisions based on past failures
Which of the following is an example of self-discrepancy?
Which of the following is an example of self-discrepancy?
What does the locus of control refer to?
What does the locus of control refer to?
What role does insufficient justification play in cognitive dissonance?
What role does insufficient justification play in cognitive dissonance?
In the context of conformity, what factor increases the likelihood of individuals conforming to a group?
In the context of conformity, what factor increases the likelihood of individuals conforming to a group?
Which of the following techniques involves making a small request followed by a larger one?
Which of the following techniques involves making a small request followed by a larger one?
What is a primary factor that can lead to obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram's experiments?
What is a primary factor that can lead to obedience, as demonstrated in Milgram's experiments?
What influence does conformity have on individuals in public situations?
What influence does conformity have on individuals in public situations?
What describes the phenomenon of dehumanization in the context of obedience?
What describes the phenomenon of dehumanization in the context of obedience?
What type of social influence results from an individual’s desire to gain approval?
What type of social influence results from an individual’s desire to gain approval?
According to the Asch's line experiment, what happens to the accuracy of responses in a group setting?
According to the Asch's line experiment, what happens to the accuracy of responses in a group setting?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reactance in social behavior?
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reactance in social behavior?
How does self-perception theory explain behavior regarding habitual actions?
How does self-perception theory explain behavior regarding habitual actions?
What does learned helplessness suggest about an individual's perception of control?
What does learned helplessness suggest about an individual's perception of control?
What is the self-serving bias primarily concerned with?
What is the self-serving bias primarily concerned with?
The false consensus effect leads individuals to believe that their personal views are what?
The false consensus effect leads individuals to believe that their personal views are what?
What is an indication of the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?
What is an indication of the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?
What concept describes creating obstacles to protect self-esteem from potential failure?
What concept describes creating obstacles to protect self-esteem from potential failure?
Which attribution style suggests attributing behavior to personality traits?
Which attribution style suggests attributing behavior to personality traits?
How does the principle of aggregation relate to attitudes predicting behavior?
How does the principle of aggregation relate to attitudes predicting behavior?
What mental state arises from a contradiction between beliefs and behaviors?
What mental state arises from a contradiction between beliefs and behaviors?
Which factor contributes to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs?
Which factor contributes to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs?
What behavior is likely to lead individuals to internalize or adopt attitudes they initially held weakly?
What behavior is likely to lead individuals to internalize or adopt attitudes they initially held weakly?
Which attribution style is indicated by a high level of consistency in behavior?
Which attribution style is indicated by a high level of consistency in behavior?
What is an example of a behavior that threatens self-esteem and may lead to maladaptive consequences?
What is an example of a behavior that threatens self-esteem and may lead to maladaptive consequences?
Which of the following is a subtle form of seeking validation while appearing modest?
Which of the following is a subtle form of seeking validation while appearing modest?
What does 'rosy retrospection' refer to in the context of memory?
What does 'rosy retrospection' refer to in the context of memory?
Which cultural influence encourages a focus on dispositional explanations for behavior?
Which cultural influence encourages a focus on dispositional explanations for behavior?
What approach to self-esteem is primarily based on individual experiences and accomplishments?
What approach to self-esteem is primarily based on individual experiences and accomplishments?
Impact bias leads individuals to accurately estimate their emotional reactions to future events.
Impact bias leads individuals to accurately estimate their emotional reactions to future events.
What term describes the discrepancies between an individual's actual self and their ideal or ought self?
What term describes the discrepancies between an individual's actual self and their ideal or ought self?
The _____ self refers to how individuals actually see themselves, in contrast to their ideal or ought selves.
The _____ self refers to how individuals actually see themselves, in contrast to their ideal or ought selves.
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Which psychological phenomenon occurs when an individual has insufficient justification for their behavior, leading to a change in their beliefs?
Which psychological phenomenon occurs when an individual has insufficient justification for their behavior, leading to a change in their beliefs?
Obedience involves changing one's beliefs to align with a group's expectations.
Obedience involves changing one's beliefs to align with a group's expectations.
What is the term for the effect where individuals conform more in smaller groups rather than in larger groups?
What is the term for the effect where individuals conform more in smaller groups rather than in larger groups?
The technique where a small request is made followed by a larger request is called the __________ technique.
The technique where a small request is made followed by a larger request is called the __________ technique.
Which factor decreases the likelihood of conformity when responding in a public setting?
Which factor decreases the likelihood of conformity when responding in a public setting?
Dehumanization is a psychological factor that can increase obedience by creating emotional distance from the victim.
Dehumanization is a psychological factor that can increase obedience by creating emotional distance from the victim.
Name one tactic used to gain compliance that involves presenting a person or object as scarce.
Name one tactic used to gain compliance that involves presenting a person or object as scarce.
The __________ technique involves making a large request first and then following it with a smaller request.
The __________ technique involves making a large request first and then following it with a smaller request.
What type of influence leads individuals to conform in order to gain social approval?
What type of influence leads individuals to conform in order to gain social approval?
The false uniqueness effect involves overestimating the number of others achieving similar success.
The false uniqueness effect involves overestimating the number of others achieving similar success.
What phenomenon occurs when people recall happy memories more favorably than they were experienced?
What phenomenon occurs when people recall happy memories more favorably than they were experienced?
The phenomenon where an individual blames external factors to protect self-esteem is called __________.
The phenomenon where an individual blames external factors to protect self-esteem is called __________.
Match the following attribution types with their definitions:
Match the following attribution types with their definitions:
The fundamental attribution error (FAE) causes individuals to:
The fundamental attribution error (FAE) causes individuals to:
Self-handicapping occurs when individuals create obstacles to excuse poor performance.
Self-handicapping occurs when individuals create obstacles to excuse poor performance.
What is it called when a person's beliefs lead them to act in ways that induce expected behaviors in others?
What is it called when a person's beliefs lead them to act in ways that induce expected behaviors in others?
Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort caused by __________ between beliefs and behaviors.
Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort caused by __________ between beliefs and behaviors.
Which of the following is an example of false modesty?
Which of the following is an example of false modesty?
The principle of aggregation suggests that specific behaviors should be used to assess overall attitudes.
The principle of aggregation suggests that specific behaviors should be used to assess overall attitudes.
What leads an individual to experience tension due to inconsistency in behaviors and beliefs?
What leads an individual to experience tension due to inconsistency in behaviors and beliefs?
Match the following concepts with their explanations:
Match the following concepts with their explanations:
Individuals who believe their personal views represent the majority exhibit the __________ effect.
Individuals who believe their personal views represent the majority exhibit the __________ effect.
Flashcards
Self-Reference Effect
Self-Reference Effect
Relating information to oneself to improve memory.
Self-Esteem (Bottom-Up)
Self-Esteem (Bottom-Up)
Self-esteem based on individual accomplishments and experiences (internal factors).
Self-Esteem (Top-Down)
Self-Esteem (Top-Down)
Self-esteem based on external factors like societal standards or religion.
Self-Discrepancy
Self-Discrepancy
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Planning Fallacy
Planning Fallacy
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Insufficient Justification
Insufficient Justification
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
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Self-Perception Theory
Self-Perception Theory
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Conformity
Conformity
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Compliance
Compliance
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Obedience
Obedience
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Asch's Conformity Experiment
Asch's Conformity Experiment
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Milgram's Obedience Experiment
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
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Normative Influence
Normative Influence
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Informational Influence
Informational Influence
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Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness
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Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving Bias
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False Consensus Effect
False Consensus Effect
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False Uniqueness Effect
False Uniqueness Effect
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Self-Protection to Self-Esteem
Self-Protection to Self-Esteem
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Internal Attribution
Internal Attribution
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External Attribution
External Attribution
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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
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Theory of Attribution
Theory of Attribution
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Implicit Attitudes
Implicit Attitudes
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Priming
Priming
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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Confirmation Bias
Confirmation Bias
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Rosy Retrospection
Rosy Retrospection
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Hindsight Bias
Hindsight Bias
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Self-Schema
Self-Schema
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Possible Selves
Possible Selves
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Reactance
Reactance
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Consensus (in attribution)
Consensus (in attribution)
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Distinctiveness (in attribution)
Distinctiveness (in attribution)
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Consistency (in attribution)
Consistency (in attribution)
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Study Notes
Hindsight Bias
- The tendency to believe, after an event occurs, that one would have foreseen it.
Social Influence
Self-Reference Effect
- Relating information to oneself to enhance memory.
Self-Schema
- How individuals view themselves.
Possible Selves
- Desires and fears regarding the future self.
Self-Esteem
- Bottom-Up Approach: Derived from one's achievements and experiences.
- Top-Down Approach: Influenced by societal standards, beliefs, and external factors.
- Self-Discrepancy: Inconsistency between the actual, ideal, and ought selves. This incompatibility can cause anxiety, guilt, and feelings of inadequacy.
Social Comparisons
- Taking pleasure in the failures of others, sometimes without acknowledging it.
Looking-Glass Self
- Perceiving oneself through the perceptions of others.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Individualism: Associated with Western cultures, emphasizing personal achievement and independence.
- Collectivism: Emphasizes group harmony and interdependence.
Planning Fallacy
- Overestimating the time needed to complete a task.
Impact Bias
- Overestimating the intensity and duration of emotional reactions to future events.
- Underestimating resilience.
- Includes implicit and explicit attitudes.
- Related to self-efficacy and locus of control.
Locus of Control
- Degree of control individuals believe they have over their lives.
Learned Helplessness & Resignation
- Believing one has no control over their circumstances, even when they do.
Self-Serving Bias
- Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, maintaining self-esteem.
False Consensus Effect
- Overestimating the proportion of others who share one's beliefs and behaviors.
False Uniqueness Effect
- Underestimating the number of others who share one's positive attributes or successes.
Self-Handicapping
- Creating obstacles or excuses to protect self-esteem.
Self-Esteem & Maladaptive Consequences
- Low Self-Esteem: Associated with internalized and externalized problems (e.g., depression, drug abuse).
- High Self-Esteem: Less defensive when self-esteem is threatened.
False Modesty
- A form of seeking validation or recognition through apparent modesty.
Attributional Styles
- Internal Attribution: Personality traits.
- External Attribution: Environmental factors.
Theory of Attribution
- Consensus: Do others behave similarly?
- Distinctiveness: Does the person behave similarly in other situations?
- Consistency: Does the person behave similarly over time?
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
- Overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors in explaining others' behaviors.
- Occurs because observers focus on the person rather than the situation.
Preconceptions
- Preexisting beliefs that can affect how social information is interpreted.
Memory Construction
- Memories are formed after events, influenced by current feelings and expectations.
Rosy Retrospection
- Recall of happy memories more favorably than initially experienced.
Misinformation Effect
- Incorporation of false information into memory.
Priming
- Activation of associated memories by a particular stimulus.
Overconfidence Phenomenon
- Exaggerated confidence in one's beliefs or abilities.
Confirmation Bias
- Seeking and interpreting information that confirms pre-existing beliefs.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Expectations influencing behavior, leading to confirmation of those expectations.
Implicit Attitudes
- Attitudes that unconsciously predict behaviors and judgments.
Attitudes Predicting Behavior
- Attitudes predict behavior when considered as an aggregate/average across many situations, not a specific instance.
Behavior Affecting Attitudes
- Role-Playing: Adopting social roles.
- Saying Becomes Believing: Internalizing expressed attitudes.
- Evil Acts and Attitudes: Engaging in conflicting behaviors can change attitudes. This is linked to cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Psychological discomfort from conflicting beliefs & behaviors.
Insufficient Justification
- Lack of adequate external justification for a behavior, leading to internal justification. eg lying because you dont have enough money to convince yourself it is interesting
Self-Perception Theory
- Inferring attitudes/beliefs from behaviors.
Conformity
- Changing behaviors or beliefs to match social norms.
Compliance
- Following requests or rules to obtain rewards/ avoid punishments.
Obedience
- Complying with commands from an authority figure.
Acceptance
- Acknowledging and respecting others' beliefs.
Conformity Factors:
- Group Size (3-5 people is effective).
- Unanimity (agreement is essential).
- Cohesion (strong group bonds increase conformity).
- Status (higher-status individuals influence others more).
- Public Response (conformity increases).
Conformity Reasons
- Normative Influence (seeking social approval).
- Informational Influence (seeking accurate information).
Compliance Tactics
- Ingratiation: Flattery, self-promotion.
- Foot-in-the-Door: Small request, then larger.
- Lowballing: Attractive offer, then increased cost.
- Door-in-the-Face: Large request, then smaller.
- Playing Hard to Get: Scarcity principle
- Deadline Technique: Scarcity principle
Resisting Social Pressure
- Reactance: Re-assertion of autonomy when pressured.
- Asserting Uniqueness:Desire to seem different
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Description
Explore key concepts in psychology such as hindsight bias, self-reference effect, and individualism vs. collectivism. This quiz tests your understanding of how personal identity and social influence shape our perceptions and self-esteem. Enhance your grasp of these essential psychological theories.
