Psychology, Anthropology, and Sociology exam prep
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of long-term memory?

  • It holds information only for a short duration.
  • It can only store about 3 items.
  • It is very hard to forget information stored here. (correct)
  • Items are stored in isolation without connections.

Which of the following accurately describes Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

  • Needs must be fulfilled in a specific order. (correct)
  • All needs are fulfilled simultaneously.
  • Only physiological needs are relevant to motivation.
  • People can skip levels of needs when motivated.

What distinguishes passionate love from companionate love?

  • Passionate love is intense and often associated with strong emotional turmoil. (correct)
  • Passionate love is based on long-term commitment.
  • Companionate love is characterized by intense emotions and crushes.
  • Companionate love involves little connection to shared interests.

Which statement BEST reflects inductive reasoning?

<p>It derives a general rule from specific observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that shapes emotional development?

<p>Intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major branch of anthropology focuses on the biological aspects of humans and their similarities to other species?

<p>Physical anthropology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the Social Science Inquiry Model?

<p>Identify a problem or question (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves collecting detailed information directly from participants in a social setting?

<p>Interviews (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Margaret Mead, what primarily determines human behavior?

<p>Nurture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial emotional response described in the context of both tragic incidents and job loss?

<p>Alarm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of cultural anthropology?

<p>To combat ethnocentrism and promote cultural relativism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cycle of coping with stressors, which stage is characterized by feelings of burnout and giving up?

<p>Exhaustion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best defines culture?

<p>Learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of mental illness is associated with severe or prolonged anxiety?

<p>Anxiety disorders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is typically performed in observations as a research method?

<p>Recording behaviors in natural settings without interference. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason why individuals might become dependent on substances?

<p>Biologically predisposed addiction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inquiry process conclude with?

<p>Drawing conclusions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to sociology is associated with Emile Durkheim?

<p>Structural functionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conflict theory primarily focuses on the relationship between which two groups in society?

<p>Those with power and those without it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders involves a distortion of reality and disturbances in thought and perception?

<p>Schizophrenic disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of personality disorders?

<p>Inability to function in social situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of cultural anthropology focuses on understanding a culture through immersive study and experience?

<p>Ethnography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of applied anthropology?

<p>Solving practical problems using gathered data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cultural adaptation process relating to the development of agriculture?

<p>Settling down and establishing towns resulted from agricultural advancement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of culture relies primarily on domesticated herd animals for their livelihood?

<p>Pastoral culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of cultural anthropology involves the study and comparison of different cultural practices?

<p>Ethnology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of culture did Otzi provide insights into?

<p>Ancient European life and tools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the !Kung cultural belief regarding pride?

<p>They regard pride as a precursor to violence and conflict. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these cultural changes coincided with the industrial revolution?

<p>Growth of factories and urban populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main concept is associated with John Watson in the field of psychology?

<p>All behavioral responses result from environmental stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychoanalysis as developed by Sigmund Freud?

<p>Uncovering unconscious thoughts through verbal exploration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is mainly involved in remembering general world knowledge?

<p>Semantic memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning emphasizes learning through environmental reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the main focus of humanism in psychology?

<p>Humans have the ability to make choices beyond external influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sensation from perception in psychological terms?

<p>Sensation involves sensory reception, while perception involves interpretation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of applied psychology?

<p>To use psychological knowledge in real-world settings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning involves adapting responses based on rewards and punishments?

<p>Operant conditioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of symbolic interactionism?

<p>How individuals construct meaning to shape their identity and actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the family in socialization?

<p>The family shapes basic values, attitudes, and expectations in both intentional and unintentional ways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a social group differ from a crowd?

<p>A social group involves interactions and a shared sense of belonging, while a crowd lacks these interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of democratic leadership?

<p>It encourages consensus on goals and collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family type consists of two or more parents with children from previous relationships?

<p>Blended family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates authoritarian leadership from laissez-faire leadership?

<p>Authoritarian leaders provide clear directives, while laissez-faire leaders offer little to no guidance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agent of socialization is most influential during childhood development?

<p>Family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nature-nurture debate, what is emphasized regarding human development?

<p>Both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) play crucial roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cultural Anthropology

The study of how culture influences and shapes us.

Physical Anthropology

The study of human beings as biological organisms, including primates.

Psychology

The study of mental processes humans go through, including overt actions and mental processes.

Sociology

The study of people in groups and relationships between people, including how society influences us.

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Culture

A set of learned behaviours, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals shared by a specific society or population.

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Ethnocentrism

Judging cultures based on your own values, often negatively.

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Cultural Relativism

Respecting and understanding all cultures for their own development and ways of surviving, even if they differ from your own.

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Social Science Inquiry Model

A set of steps used to conduct social science research.

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Archeology

The study of how people used to live, often based on historical artifacts and遺跡.

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Applied Anthropology

Using anthropological knowledge解决 real-world problems like healthcare or social conflicts.

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Anthropological Linguistics

The study of language, including its evolution and how it varies across cultures.

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Ethnology

The study and comparison of different cultures, looking for patterns and connections.

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Ethnography

An in-depth study of one culture, often through direct observation and participation.

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How Cultures Adapt

Cultures adapt by changing how they obtain and distribute resources. These changes are often linked to technological advancements and economic development.

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Foraging Culture

A culture that relies primarily on hunting and gathering for subsistence. They are nomadic and tend to have smaller, more egalitarian social structures.

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Horticultural Culture

A culture that cultivates plants for food. They tend to be more settled and have a higher population density than foraging cultures.

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Structuralism

A school of thought that focuses on understanding how the mind works through the investigation of basic mental processes such as perception, sensation, and attention.

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Functionalism

A school of thought that explores how mental processes help us adapt to our environment and function in the world.

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Psychoanalysis

A school of thought that emphasizes the influence of unconscious thoughts, drives, and emotions on human behavior.

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Behaviorism

A school of thought that focuses on how learned environmental stimuli influence our behavior patterns. It argues that all behaviors are shaped by our environment.

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Humanism

A school of thought that centers on the human capacity for choice, growth, and self-actualization. It emphasizes free will and human potential.

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Cognitive Psychology

A school of thought that studies mental processes related to how we acquire, store, and use knowledge. It explores areas like memory, language, and problem-solving.

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Research Psychology

The branch of psychology that involves scientific research to gain a deeper understanding of psychological phenomena.

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Applied Psychology

The branch of psychology that applies psychological principles and knowledge to practical problems and real-world settings.

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Long-Term Memory

This type of memory is responsible for storing everything you've ever learned or experienced, potentially available for retrieval.

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Deductive Reasoning

Applying a general principle to a specific situation, always yielding a correct conclusion.

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Inductive Reasoning

Applying a specific observation to a general rule, which might not always be correct.

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Dialectical Reasoning

Involves evaluating two opposing sides or viewpoints to reach a more informed conclusion.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

This theory states that our needs are structured in a hierarchy, with basic needs like survival and safety at the bottom and advanced needs like self-actualization at the top. We strive to fulfill each level in order.

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Anxiety Disorders

A state of emotional and mental distress, characterized by excessive worry, fear, or nervousness.

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Mood Disorders

A mental health condition characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affecting emotions, energy levels, and overall functioning.

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Schizophrenic Disorders

A group of mental disorders characterized by a distorted perception of reality, social withdrawal, and disruptions in thought, perception, movement, and emotions.

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Personality Disorders

A group of mental health conditions characterized by inflexible and unhealthy personality traits that cause significant impairments in social relationships, work, and overall functioning.

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Substance Related Disorders

A mental health condition resulting from the harmful use of substances, leading to significant impairment or distress.

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Structural Functionalism

A sociological perspective that views society as a complex system of interconnected parts, each contributing to the overall functioning of the whole.

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Conflict Theory

A sociological perspective that emphasizes power struggles and conflicts between different groups in society, particularly those with differing access to resources and wealth.

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Symbolic Interactionism

This approach emphasizes the importance of shared meanings, symbols, and interactions in shaping social reality. Social reality, they argue, is not objective but rather constructed through our interactions with each other.

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Feminist Sociology

The study of women's inequalities, changing gender roles, and the impact of sexuality on society.

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Nature vs. Nurture

The theory that human development is influenced by both biological factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture).

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Family Socialization

The most significant agent of socialization, where children learn basic values, attitudes, and expectations.

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Peer Group Socialization

A group of peers who provide pressure, influence, and expose individuals to new personality types, behaviors, and attitudes.

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School Socialization

The process of transmitting knowledge, skills, and attitudes to children to prepare them for adult roles in society.

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Social Group

A social group that consists of two or more people who interact with each other and share a common awareness.

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Crowd vs. Social Group

A collection of people who are in the same place at the same time but have little or no interaction.

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Study Notes

Social Sciences Overview

  • Anthropology studies human beings, their cultures, and their relationships with other species.
  • Psychology studies mental processes and behaviors.
  • Sociology studies people in groups and how society influences them.

Social Science Inquiry Model

  • Identify a problem or question.
  • Develop a hypothesis.
  • Gather data.
  • Analyze data.
  • Draw conclusions.

Social Science Research Methods

  • Case studies
  • Experiments
  • Sample surveys
  • Interviews
  • Observation

Anthropology Branches

  • Physical Anthropology: Examines humans as biological organisms, including primate evolution, similarities/differences between species, and evidence of early humans using fossils.
  • Cultural Anthropology: Studies culture and how it influences individuals and shapes societies.

Culture Adaptation

  • Cultures adapt through their economy (foraging, horticultural, agricultural, pastoral, industrial, and communication-based cultures).

Psychology Branches

  • Structuralism: Focuses on the inner workings of the mind through perception and sensation. (William Wundt)
  • Functionalism: Examines how mental characteristics help individuals adapt to their environments. (William James)
  • Psychoanalysis: Aims to uncover unconscious thoughts and emotions. (Sigmund Freud)
  • Behaviorism: Studies how individuals react to the environment. (John Watson)
  • Humanism: Emphasizes human beings' ability to make choices.
  • Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes.

Types of Psychological Work

  • Research psychology: Discovering knowledge
  • Applied psychology: Applying knowledge to specific environments
  • Clinical psychology: Helping people with psychological problems

Memory Levels

  • Sensory memory: Records information from the environment for a few seconds.
  • Short-term memory: Holds information for 15-20 seconds.
  • Long-term memory: Stores everything learned or experienced.

Types of Reasoning

  • Deductive reasoning: Applying general principles to specific situations.
  • Inductive reasoning: Applying specific cases to general rules.
  • Dialectical reasoning: Evaluating opposing sides of an argument.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Maslow's hierarchy prioritizes needs that humans are driven to meet.

Emotional Development Factors

  • Heredity: Inherited emotional traits
  • Learning: Emotional development shaped by experiences.
  • Maturity: Emotional growth and changes over time.

Love Types

  • Passionate love: Intense emotions and infatuation, often seen in movies
  • Companionate love: Affection based on shared interests and intimacy.

Mental Illness Categories

  • Anxiety disorders
  • Mood disorders
  • Schizophrenic disorders
  • Personality disorders
  • Substance-related disorders

Sociology Approaches

  • Structural functionalism: How parts of society work together. (Emile Durkheim)
  • Conflict theory: Focuses on power imbalances in society
  • Symbolic interactionism: How individuals interpret interactions
  • Feminist sociology: Examines women's inequalities

Socialization Agents

  • Family: The most influential agent impacting an individual's development, values, and attitudes.
  • Peer group: Provides different perspectives and experiences.
  • School: Instills knowledge and skills.
  • Culture: Impacts behavior and interactions.
  • Media: Shapes attitudes and beliefs.

Types of Families

  • Nuclear family: Parents and children living together.
  • Extended family: Multiple generations living together.
  • Blended/reconstituted family: Parents and children from prior relationships.
  • Childless family: Couple without children.
  • Single parent family: One parent with children.
  • Common law family: Unmarried couple with or without children.

Social Groups vs. Crowds

  • Social groups consist of individuals interacting with shared interests.
  • Crowds are collections of people together without shared interests.

Leadership Styles

  • Authoritarian: Giving direct orders.
  • Democratic: Working towards consensus.
  • Laissez-faire: Minimal guidance or structure.

Formal Organizations

  • Large, structured groups focused on specific goals.

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Psych Exam Review PDF

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in psychology, including memory characteristics, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, love types, inductive reasoning, and emotional development. This quiz will challenge your knowledge and help reinforce your learning in the subject.

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