Psychology Concepts: Functions & Conditioning
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Questions and Answers

What impact does damage to the frontal cortex have on behavior choices?

  • It leads to better risk assessment.
  • It improves judgment regarding consequences.
  • It enhances decision-making abilities.
  • It results in poor judgment of consequences. (correct)

What phenomenon occurs when individuals see drug-associated cues?

  • They start craving the drug. (correct)
  • They forget about the drug.
  • They feel indifferent to the cues.
  • They develop a resistance to drugs.

How is swearing physiologically distinct in the brain compared to regular language?

  • It engages areas linked to memory recall.
  • It activates the left hemisphere only.
  • It does not evoke any emotions.
  • It elicits activity in the right hemisphere. (correct)

Which of the following correctly categorizes a characteristic of the lexicon in different languages?

<p>Languages vary in how their lexicon describes the world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the communication abilities of animals compared to humans?

<p>Humans are the only species with true language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is often evoked by swearing, particularly in social contexts?

<p>Disgust and contempt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context can the phrase 'beware of safety' lead to misunderstanding?

<p>It may misinterpret the need for caution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does selective attention allow a person to do?

<p>Concentrate on specific information while ignoring others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing involves analyzing stimuli based on previous experiences?

<p>Top down processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon illustrates how attention limits can lead to missing information?

<p>Change blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does vigilance refer to in the context of attention?

<p>Duration for which attention can be maintained (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of focused attention?

<p>Allows for selection and understanding of unattended stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of extracting information from the environment is fundamentally linked to which aspect of attention?

<p>Alertness arousal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bottom up and top down processing interact during attention?

<p>They create a dynamic feedback system that influences attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does divided attention refer to?

<p>Allocating attention to multiple stimuli at the same time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to be missed due to attention limitations?

<p>Minor details in ongoing tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central tendency does the concept of attention represent?

<p>A balance between focus and distraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily involved in the storage of memories through neural changes?

<p>Consolidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about in-group and out-group categorization is false?

<p>Out-group members are often perceived with positive attitudes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect increases the likelihood of memory retention errors as the retention interval period grows longer?

<p>Misinformation effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of forming impressions of others, what differentiates a dispositional attribution from a situational attribution?

<p>Situational attributes relate to specific instances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does retrieval practice play in the learning process?

<p>It ensures long-term retention by combining input and output. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is primarily involved in the process of categorization that helps make predictions about group members?

<p>Prototypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does collaborative testing have on durable learning?

<p>The active role in groups enhances learning retention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category level typically allows for the fastest response in category verification?

<p>Basic level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant finding regarding the effectiveness of successive relearning?

<p>Successive relearning enhances performance when practiced repeatedly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ability to form categories and concepts vital for navigation in the world?

<p>It aids in efficiently processing information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about learners’ preferences for studying methods?

<p>They usually prefer cramming over practice testing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does implementing frequent testing with feedback promote?

<p>Long-term retention of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does expertise influence category verification speed?

<p>Expertise enhances speed primarily at the basic level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach should be taken for effective learning strategies?

<p>Combine both input and output methods in learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of attention in the context of memory?

<p>It acts as a filter for sensory information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon illustrates the tendency to remember incorrect details about an event?

<p>The Mandela Effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does divided attention have on object tracking?

<p>It reveals limits in the ability to track multiple objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can eyewitness confidence be optimally managed during a lineup?

<p>Eyewitnesses should first assess their confidence before receiving any feedback. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does poor meta-cognitive awareness lead to regarding memory?

<p>Overconfidence in the accuracy of memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of conjunctive search, what role does attention play?

<p>It serves as the 'glue' that binds features together for processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which guideline can help reduce errors or accidents in work settings?

<p>Implementing regular breaks to enhance focus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of incorrectly recalling features of objects, such as Pikachu's tail?

<p>It highlights the reconstructive nature of memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one condition that may reduce alertness in a work environment?

<p>High levels of stimulation and noise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of memory being a 'reconstructive' process?

<p>Memory is influenced by prior knowledge and experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Addiction Learning

Changes in the brain's response to drugs, including cravings triggered by cues, and tolerance development.

Language vs. Communication

Humans use language, a formal communication system, while animals do not in the same way humans do.

Language Translation Challenges

Words can have different meanings in different languages; subtle differences can change the meaning of a phrase entirely.

Language Structure

Languages have grammar rules, including syntax (sentence structure) and morphology (word structure), and a lexicon (vocabulary).

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Cultural Influences on Language

Cultural values and views change the way language is used and evolves, as evidenced by evolving words and their usages.

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Swear Words and Emotions

Swear words often activate areas of the brain associated with negative emotions, such as anger or disgust.

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Supernatural Swear Words

Words like 'damn' or 'hell', referencing the supernatural, evoke strong emotions that vary in relation to culture and personal experience.

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Durable Learning

Long-lasting learning that stays with you, even after a period of not reviewing.

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Retrieval Practice

Actively trying to recall information instead of just rereading it.

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Practice Testing vs Rereading

Practice testing produces more memorable learning compared to rereading, especially in the long run.

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Successive Relearning

Continuously relearning the same material to improve retention and mastery.

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Category Formation

The ability to group objects or concepts based on shared properties.

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Basic Level Category

The level of categorization that is the most commonly used and easily recognized.

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Prototypical Item

The most representative or central example of a concept.

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Expertise & Category Verification

Experts can quickly verify categories related to their field, often at the subordinate level.

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Category Levels

Categories can be organized from general (superordinate) to specific (subordinate).

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Levels of Processing

The deeper you process information, the better you'll remember it. Shallow processing (like just memorizing) leads to poorer retention than deeper processing (like understanding concepts).

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Retrieval

Bringing information back from your memory when you need it.

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Consolidation

The process of strengthening memories over time by changing neurons in the brain.

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In-group Bias

We tend to have more positive attitudes and see more individual differences in our own group (in-group) compared to other groups (out-groups).

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Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people, even if it's not always true.

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Exemplar Classification

Categorizing new items based on their similarity to existing, known examples (prototypes).

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Attention Limits

We can only focus on a limited amount of information at a time.

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Change Blindness

We can miss significant changes in our environment even when focusing our attention.

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Attention - Bottom-up Processing

Information from the external world drives attention, based on features of stimuli.

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Attention - Top-down Processing

Past experiences, expectations, and goals influence what we pay attention to.

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Focused Attention

Directing attention to a specific stimulus while ignoring other stimuli.

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Divided Attention

Attending to multiple stimuli simultaneously.

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Alertness/Arousal

The basic state of being ready to receive and process information from the environment.

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Selective Focus

The ability to choose which stimuli to attend to and which to ignore.

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Conjunctive Search

A visual search task where you look for a target object defined by multiple features (e.g., red AND circle). Requires focused attention to combine features.

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Attentional Capacity

Our limited ability to focus on and process information at any given time. We can only attend to a small amount of information from the environment.

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Multitasking

Attempting to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. It actually involves dividing attention, leading to reduced performance on each task.

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Costs of Inattention

Negative consequences of not paying attention, such as reduced alertness, decreased focus, and increased errors.

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Mandela Effect

A phenomenon where people share false memories of events or details, often due to a combination of misattribution and top-down processing.

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Memory Reconstructive Process

Our memories are not perfect recordings, but rather reconstructions based on our experiences and prior knowledge.

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Metacognitive Awareness

The ability to accurately assess our own knowledge and skills. This includes knowing what we know and what we don't know.

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Encoding in Memory

The process of converting information into a format that can be stored and retrieved later.

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Eyewitness Confirmation

The process of identifying a suspect from a lineup based on a witness's memory.

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Attention and Memory Interaction

Paying attention to something increases the likelihood of encoding it into memory.

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Study Notes

Normative and Informational Functions

  • Normative function involves conforming due to the fear of rejection
  • Informational function involves conforming due to a lack of knowledge about how to act
  • Asch's line study demonstrates normative function
  • Sherif's auto-kinetic effect demonstrates informational function

Bystander Effect

  • Bystanders fail to respond due to pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility
  • Potential emergency? (yes/no)
  • Group present? (yes/no)
  • Group reacts? (yes/no)
  • Skilled people present? (yes/no)
  • Possible responses: no response, pluralistic ignorance, diffusion of responsibility

Classical Conditioning

  • Learning is a relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience
  • Pavlov's study involved reflexive responses associating with cues
  • Watson studied the interaction between environment and associated effects
  • Skinner focused on predicting and controlling behavior
  • Habituation is a decrease in behavioral response to repeated stimuli
  • Sensitization is an increase in behavioral response to repeated stimuli
  • Classical conditioning involves learning that two stimuli go together
  • Operant conditioning involves learning that behavior leads to a particular outcome

Relapse Rates & Vietnam War Vets

  • General heroin relapse rate is 0.3%
  • Heroin addiction relapse rate among Vietnam War veterans was 20%.
  • First step towards recovery was detoxification before returning home

Learning, Language and Communication

  • Language is a form of communication
  • Humans are the only ones with true language
  • Animals have forms of communication, but not language
  • Languages differ in how their lexicon describes the world
  • Grammar includes syntax & morphology
  • Changing cultural views shift towards more individualized culture.

Swearing and Emotional Responses

  • Basal ganglia activates when swearing
  • Amygdala activates when other people swear
  • Swearing can evoke emotions including awe, fear, disgust, emotions linked to body effluvia (shit, piss, asshole)
  • Swearing can evoke emotions related to illness, diseases and death
  • Swearing can evoke feelings related to sexuality
  • Swearing includes words associated with family/heritage

Science of Learning

  • Perspective of a question affects the answer given to it
  • Pre-checklist for surgeons can be preventative
  • Humans make poor cognitive decisions regarding learning
  • Highlighting & rereading notes has low utility in learning
  • Mario using a rusty saw blade shows that understanding the goal can be helpful
  • Durable learning is important in academia

Short-Term Cramming & Learning Strategies

  • Short-term cramming is ineffective for long-term learning
  • Students need to practice retrieving information, rather than simply relearning it several times.

Memory, Categorization, and Learning

  • Rerdading has similar outcome to doing input and output
  • Repeated testing is better than study
  • Frequency of testing promotes long term learning
  • Active vs passive learning methods affect learning outcomes
  • Successive learning improves knowledge retention
  • Categorization skills & concepts allow for effective world navigation
  • Basic level categorization is used often in identifying objects

Attention

  • Attention impacts acquiring information from the environment
  • Alertness & arousal allows for information extraction
  • Focus is the ability to choose relevant stimuli
  • Vigilance is sustained attention
  • The attention captures a portion of the external world to the internal mind
  • Attention processes occur in concert with bottom-up methods and top-down methods
  • Focused attention involves the process of selection and results in what happens to unattended stimuli

Memory, and Encoding Errors

  • Attention is a gateway to memory
  • Incorrect recall of detail
  • Memory is a reconstructive process; it is not always accurate.
  • Memory is vulnerable to mistakes
  • Encoding interacts with attention to select items for memory

Forming Impressions

  • Categorization of people as in-group or out-group members can lead to positive or negative stereotypes
  • Out-group individuals are seen as a homogenous set of similar individuals, while in-group members are associated with heterogeneity

Intergroup Bias

  • Stereotypes are beliefs and perceptions about group characteristics
  • Prejudice is a negative attitude towards a specific group
  • Discrimination is negative behaviors directed towards a group member
  • Individuals can identify with multiple groups

Security and Conventions

  • Security cameras
  • Frame of reference biases human actions
  • Conformity

Bystander Effect & Prosocial Behavior

  • Pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility lead to bystander effect (Kitty Genovese)
  • Groups can display prosocial effects
  • Positive psychology focuses on groups and positivity
  • Overview effect reflects feelings about space on return from space

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Related Documents

Classical Conditioning & Learning Psychology Notes PDF

Description

Explore key psychology concepts including normative and informational functions of conformity, the bystander effect, and classical conditioning. This quiz will test your understanding of these foundational topics and related studies. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in psychology.

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