Psychology Concepts and Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What concept suggests a separation of mind and body?

Cartesian Dualism (correct)

Functionalism

Behaviorism

Structuralism

Which early psychologist is associated with the first experimental lab in psychology?

William James

Rene Descartes

Wilhelm Wundt (correct)

Sigmund Freud

What does the Id in Freud's personality theory represent?

Moral compass

Social identity

Conscious awareness

Instinctual drives (correct)

Who is known for the principles of operant conditioning?

Skinner Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior?

Behaviorism Signup and view all the answers

In the evolutionary approach to psychology, what is considered essential for evolution?

Self-replicating unit, variability, and selection Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist emphasized a hierarchy of needs to reach full potential?

Abraham Maslow Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive reappraisal aim to achieve?

To evaluate stressors as less threatening Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with producing less signs of stress?

Perceived control over situations Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is described by Walter Cannon's concept related to stress?

Fight or flight Signup and view all the answers

How do hardiness traits affect an individual's response to stressors?

They encourage viewing stressors as challenges Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of coping with stress mentioned in the content?

Progressive relaxation techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in vision?

Enable vision in dim light Signup and view all the answers

What photopigment do rods contain?

Rhodopsin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of color blindness involves having only two types of iodopsin?

Dichromatic color blindness Signup and view all the answers

What enables individuals with dichromatic color blindness to perceive colors?

Combinations of red and green iodopsin Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions do cones primarily function?

Bright light conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of cones compared to rods?

Ability to provide color information Signup and view all the answers

Which type of color blindness involves only one type of iodopsin?

Monochromatic color blindness Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism supports the trichromatic theory of color vision?

Bleaching of specific iodopsins with different wavelengths Signup and view all the answers

How do different types of cones contribute to color perception?

They must work together to perceive all colors Signup and view all the answers

What does trichromatic theory propose about color vision?

It requires a combination of three primary colors for all colors. Signup and view all the answers

Which pigments are primarily associated with subtractive color mixing?

Red, blue, and yellow Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary color in additive color mixing?

Red Signup and view all the answers

What problem does trichromatic theory face regarding dichromats?

Dichromats can see yellow despite lacking red or green iodopsin. Signup and view all the answers

Visual receptors are organized in opponent pairs. Which of the following is an example of such a pair?

Blue and yellow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

Binocular disparity Signup and view all the answers

What defines depth perception in visual perception?

The ability to judge distance between oneself and an object Signup and view all the answers

How does motion parallax affect our perception of distance?

Closer objects seem to move faster than distant ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is involved in the top-down processes of perception?

Current mood of the observer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of iodopsin in the visual system?

To facilitate color vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influenced the ratings of individuals described as warm or cold?

The central trait of warmth or coldness Signup and view all the answers

What role do schemas play in social cognition?

They help organize and synthesize information about the world. Signup and view all the answers

In the study about thinking of white bears, what was the outcome when participants were asked to suppress their thoughts first?

Their thoughts of white bears increased when they were later asked to express them. Signup and view all the answers

How did the change from 'polite' to 'blunt' affect the ratings in the study?

Warmth was a more significant factor than politeness. Signup and view all the answers

What does a stereotype-specific study indicate about social impressions?

Specific traits can heavily influence social perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

What was one task participants were asked to do regarding their thoughts about white bears?

Ring a bell every time they thought of them. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about biases in impression formation from the content?

Schemas may lead to skewed perceptions based on expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What impact do schemas have on the information we remember?

They help prioritize certain types of information. Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the instruction to not think about white bears?

To assess the effectiveness of thought suppression. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about social expectations is true?

Expectations can guide perceptions and interpretations. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Psychology

Cartesian Dualism: separation of mind and body
Malevolent demon: a controlling entity influencing senses
Brain in the vat: a hypothetical concept of a brain connected to a computer, simulating reality without true existence
Wilhelm Wundt: founder of structuralism and introspection (first experimental lab in 1879)
William James: founder of functionalism
Principles of Psychology: first official psychology textbook

Perspectives in Psychology

Behaviourism: scientific study of observable behaviour (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner)
- Classical Conditioning: Pavlov's dogs
- Operant Conditioning: Skinner's experiments
Psychodynamic: unconscious forces behind behaviour (Freud, Jung)
- Id, Ego, Superego: components of personality
- Psychosexual Stages: stages of childhood development
Humanistic: emphasis on free will, individual needs (Rogers, Maslow)
- Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow): needs organised from basic to self-actualisation
- Client-centred Therapy (Rogers): focus on unconditional positive regard
Cognitive: study of mental processes (memory, perception, etc)
- Ebbinghaus: conducted memory research
Evolutionary: behaviour determined by genes; based on reproduction.
- Gene, mutation, pressures: key components of evolution
- Meme: an idea unit that replicates
- Sociobiology: study of reproductive strategies
Biological: physical causes of behaviour
- Neuroscience: Relationship between brains and behaviour
- Broca's Area: area for speech production
- Wernicke's Area: area for speech comprehension

Sensation & Perception

Senses: (Touch, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Sight)
Steps of sensation:
1. Accessory structures modify stimulus
2. Transduction - neural energy
3. Sensory nerves send to brain
4. Brain processes
Measuring senses: psychometrics
- Absolute threshold: minimum intensity to detect stimulus
- Weber's Law: change in stimulus intensity
- Difference threshold: minimum change needed to detect difference
- Weber fraction: calculation for difference threshold
Touch: temperature, pressure, pain responses
Hearing: pitch (frequency), volume (amplitude), timbre (complexity)
Taste: main sensors are taste buds
Smell: olfactory sense
Sight: physical energy= light, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength (short = blue, long = red)
- Rods: vision in dim light
- Cones: vision in bright light, colour

Levels of processing and memory

Acquisition/encoding: process of attending to a stimulus, e.g., saving a file
Retention: preserving stored information, e.g., the file remaining on a drive
Retrieval: accessing stored information, e.g., opening a file
Sensory memory: initial presentation of a stimulus.
- Iconic memory (Sight): very short duration
- Echoic memory (Sound): around 4 seconds
Short-term memory: memories currently in awareness (consciousness)
- Capacity: around 5 to 9 items
- Rehearsal: maintain items in short term memory
- Decay, displacement: ways memory can be lost from STM
Long-term memory: more permanent storage
- Elaborative rehearsal: transfer items from STM to LTM
- Primacy effect: remembering items from the beginning of a list
- Recency effect: remembering items from the end of a list
Flashbulb memories: vividly recalled, surprising events
Schemas: organising memory based on expectations

Visual Perception

Distance perception: ability to judge distance
- Binocular Cues: (two eyes) convergence, retinal disparity
- Monocular Cues: (one eye) relative size, linear perspective, texture gradient, height in plane etc.
Perceptual Constancy: stable perception of objects despite changes in input to senses
- Size, Shape, Colour, Brightness

Compliance: change of behavior in response to direct request
Reciprocity: the norm that obligates us to repay others
Consistency: Maintaining consistent behaviors
Liking: People are more likely to comply with requests from those they like
Authority: People are more likely to comply with requests from authority figures
Obedience: change in behavior in response to order from authority figure
Conformity: changing behavior to match actions of others (typically to gain acceptance)
- Informational influence: conforming because of a belief someone understands the situation better
- Normative influence: conforming to be liked and gain social approval

Attributions: explanations for how people develop causal understanding of behaviour
- Internal/ dispositional attributions: about a persons personality
- External/situational attributions: about an external event
Fundamental Attribution Error: tendency to attribute behavior to personal characteristics, overlooking the situation.
Heuristics: mental shortcuts in decision-making
- Representativeness Heuristic: judging likelihood based on similarity to a prototype (common representation)
- Availability Heuristic: judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
- Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: making estimates by starting with an initial value and adjusting

Emotions

Biology of Emotions: location in the brain (amygdala, orbital frontal cortex)
Theories of Emotions:
- James-Lange theory: physiological response -> emotion
- Cannon-Bard theory: physiological response & emotion occur simultaneously
- Two-factor theory (Schachter and Singer): physiological response + cognitive appraisal -> emotion
Facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions influence emotions
Emotions and Families of Emotions: emotions can be classified into families based on similarity in response and other factors

Health Psychology

Stress:
- physiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses
- Stressors: events or situations that cause stress.
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): alarm, resistance, exhaustion
- Coping Mechanisms: cognitive reappraisal, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): stages in response to a continuing stressor.
Cognitive appraisal: Our interpretation of the event or its significance
Illusory correlations, false consensus effect: errors in judgement of a causal event

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, including the mind-body separation, Freud's personality theory, and operant conditioning. This quiz covers influential psychologists and their groundbreaking contributions to the field, as well as stress management and coping strategies. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of psychological principles.