Psychology Concepts and Theories Quiz
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What concept suggests a separation of mind and body?

  • Cartesian Dualism (correct)
  • Functionalism
  • Behaviorism
  • Structuralism

Which early psychologist is associated with the first experimental lab in psychology?

  • William James
  • Rene Descartes
  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)
  • Sigmund Freud

What does the Id in Freud's personality theory represent?

  • Moral compass
  • Social identity
  • Conscious awareness
  • Instinctual drives (correct)

Who is known for the principles of operant conditioning?

<p>Skinner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior?

<p>Behaviorism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the evolutionary approach to psychology, what is considered essential for evolution?

<p>Self-replicating unit, variability, and selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist emphasized a hierarchy of needs to reach full potential?

<p>Abraham Maslow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive reappraisal aim to achieve?

<p>To evaluate stressors as less threatening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with producing less signs of stress?

<p>Perceived control over situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is described by Walter Cannon's concept related to stress?

<p>Fight or flight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hardiness traits affect an individual's response to stressors?

<p>They encourage viewing stressors as challenges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of coping with stress mentioned in the content?

<p>Progressive relaxation techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in vision?

<p>Enable vision in dim light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What photopigment do rods contain?

<p>Rhodopsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of color blindness involves having only two types of iodopsin?

<p>Dichromatic color blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables individuals with dichromatic color blindness to perceive colors?

<p>Combinations of red and green iodopsin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what conditions do cones primarily function?

<p>Bright light conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key characteristic of cones compared to rods?

<p>Ability to provide color information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of color blindness involves only one type of iodopsin?

<p>Monochromatic color blindness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism supports the trichromatic theory of color vision?

<p>Bleaching of specific iodopsins with different wavelengths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do different types of cones contribute to color perception?

<p>They must work together to perceive all colors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does trichromatic theory propose about color vision?

<p>It requires a combination of three primary colors for all colors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigments are primarily associated with subtractive color mixing?

<p>Red, blue, and yellow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary color in additive color mixing?

<p>Red (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem does trichromatic theory face regarding dichromats?

<p>Dichromats can see yellow despite lacking red or green iodopsin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual receptors are organized in opponent pairs. Which of the following is an example of such a pair?

<p>Blue and yellow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?

<p>Binocular disparity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines depth perception in visual perception?

<p>The ability to judge distance between oneself and an object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does motion parallax affect our perception of distance?

<p>Closer objects seem to move faster than distant ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is involved in the top-down processes of perception?

<p>Current mood of the observer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of iodopsin in the visual system?

<p>To facilitate color vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influenced the ratings of individuals described as warm or cold?

<p>The central trait of warmth or coldness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do schemas play in social cognition?

<p>They help organize and synthesize information about the world. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study about thinking of white bears, what was the outcome when participants were asked to suppress their thoughts first?

<p>Their thoughts of white bears increased when they were later asked to express them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the change from 'polite' to 'blunt' affect the ratings in the study?

<p>Warmth was a more significant factor than politeness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a stereotype-specific study indicate about social impressions?

<p>Specific traits can heavily influence social perceptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one task participants were asked to do regarding their thoughts about white bears?

<p>Ring a bell every time they thought of them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about biases in impression formation from the content?

<p>Schemas may lead to skewed perceptions based on expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do schemas have on the information we remember?

<p>They help prioritize certain types of information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the instruction to not think about white bears?

<p>To assess the effectiveness of thought suppression. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about social expectations is true?

<p>Expectations can guide perceptions and interpretations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cartesian Dualism

The separation of the mind from the body, suggesting that they are distinct entities.

Structuralism

A school of thought in psychology that focuses on the structure of the mind and how it is built up from basic elements, using introspection as its primary method.

Functionalism

A school of thought in psychology that focuses on the functions of the mind and how it helps us adapt to our environment.

Psychodynamic

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the role of unconscious motives and drives in shaping behavior and personality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Behaviorism

A school of thought in psychology that focuses on the observable, measurable aspects of behavior, and how behavior is learned through conditioning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Psychology

An approach to psychology that focuses on the study of mental processes such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Psychology

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the role of biological factors, such as genes, brain structure, and neurochemicals, in shaping behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Color Vision

The ability to perceive different colors. It relies on the presence of multiple types of light-sensitive cells in the eye, each responding to a different range of wavelengths.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trichromatic Theory

A theory of color vision proposing that the eye contains three types of cones, each sensitive to a different primary color (red, green, blue). These cones work together to perceive the full spectrum of colors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Colors (Light)

Colors that can be combined to produce any other color on the spectrum. In light, these are red, green, and blue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Colors (Pigments)

Colors that, when mixed together, absorb all wavelengths of light and appear black. In art, these are red, blue, and yellow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dichromats

People who can only see two primary colors, usually red or green.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocular Depth Cues

The ability to perceive depth and distance using cues from only one eye.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Motion Parallax

A monocular depth cue where objects closer to the observer appear to move faster than objects farther away. Imagine how a car appears to change position when you look out the window while traveling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rods and Dim Light

Rods are photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for vision in dim light. They are highly sensitive to light but do not provide color information. They are mostly located outside the fovea, which is responsible for sharp central vision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cones and Bright Light

Cones are photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for vision in bright light and are essential for perceiving color. They are less sensitive to light than rods but provide sharper detail and color information. They are concentrated in the fovea, which is responsible for sharp central vision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive pigment found in rods. When light hits rhodopsin, it breaks down, causing a signal to be sent to the brain. This signal is interpreted as vision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Iodopsin

Iodopsin is a light-sensitive pigment found in cones. There are three types of iodopsin, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light: red, green, and blue. They are responsible for color perception.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fovea and Central Vision

The fovea is a small area in the center of the retina that contains a high concentration of cones. It is responsible for sharp central vision and color perception.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

The trichromatic theory of color vision suggests that color perception is based on the activity of three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a different wavelength of light: red, green, and blue. The brain combines the signals from these cones to create the perception of all colors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dichromatic Color Blindness

Dichromatic color blindness is a form of color blindness where an individual lacks one of the three types of cones. This results in difficulty distinguishing between certain colors, such as red and green.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monochromatic Color Blindness

Monochromatic color blindness is a form of color blindness where an individual lacks two of the three types of cones. They can only see shades of gray and are unable to distinguish colors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long Wavelengths - Red

Long wavelengths of light are associated with the color red. This is why the pigment sensitive to this wavelength is often called 'red' iodopsin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Appraisal

The process by which we perceive and respond to events or stressors that we view as challenging or threatening our well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stressors

Events or circumstances (or unrealistic thoughts) that cause stress. Not all stressors are undesirable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cognitive Reappraisal

A coping strategy that involves re-evaluating a stressor and interpreting it as less threatening.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stress Response

A response to real or imagined stimuli that are perceived as preventing a goal or endangering well-being.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Progressive Relaxation

A coping technique that aims to reduce muscle tension, which is often associated with stress. It focuses on relaxing different muscle groups in the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schemas

A mental framework that helps organize and synthesize information about a specific concept or person. It influences how we perceive, interpret, and remember information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Trait Effect

The tendency for people's impressions of others to be heavily influenced by a single, central trait, often based on a first impression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stereotype-Specific Study

An experiment that investigates how our schemas can influence our memories, especially for information that is inconsistent with the schema.

Signup and view all the flashcards

White Bear Task

A well-known experimental technique in psychology that attempts to study the ability to suppress unwanted thoughts. Participants are instructed not to think about a specific topic, and then asked to recall the thoughts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confirmation Bias

A type of cognitive bias where people are more likely to notice and remember information that confirms their existing beliefs, while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Availability Heuristic

A type of cognitive bias where people tend to overestimate the likelihood of rare events, often based on vivid or recent experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Representativeness Heuristic

A type of cognitive bias where people make decisions based on how easily they can retrieve information from memory, regardless of whether it is actually relevant or accurate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fundamental Attribution Error

A type of social cognition error where people tend to underestimate the influence of situational factors on behavior and overemphasize the role of personal factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors (our own abilities) and negative outcomes to external factors (bad luck or other people).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Overconfidence Bias

A type of cognitive bias where people tend to overestimate their own abilities and knowledge, leading to overconfidence in their judgments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Early Psychology

  • Cartesian Dualism: separation of mind and body
  • Malevolent demon: a controlling entity influencing senses
  • Brain in the vat: a hypothetical concept of a brain connected to a computer, simulating reality without true existence
  • Wilhelm Wundt: founder of structuralism and introspection (first experimental lab in 1879)
  • William James: founder of functionalism
  • Principles of Psychology: first official psychology textbook

Perspectives in Psychology

  • Behaviourism: scientific study of observable behaviour (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner)
    • Classical Conditioning: Pavlov's dogs
    • Operant Conditioning: Skinner's experiments
  • Psychodynamic: unconscious forces behind behaviour (Freud, Jung)
    • Id, Ego, Superego: components of personality
    • Psychosexual Stages: stages of childhood development
  • Humanistic: emphasis on free will, individual needs (Rogers, Maslow)
    • Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow): needs organised from basic to self-actualisation
    • Client-centred Therapy (Rogers): focus on unconditional positive regard
  • Cognitive: study of mental processes (memory, perception, etc)
    • Ebbinghaus: conducted memory research
  • Evolutionary: behaviour determined by genes; based on reproduction.
    • Gene, mutation, pressures: key components of evolution
    • Meme: an idea unit that replicates
    • Sociobiology: study of reproductive strategies
  • Biological: physical causes of behaviour
    • Neuroscience: Relationship between brains and behaviour
    • Broca's Area: area for speech production
    • Wernicke's Area: area for speech comprehension

Sensation & Perception

  • Senses: (Touch, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Sight)
  • Steps of sensation:
    1. Accessory structures modify stimulus
    2. Transduction - neural energy
    3. Sensory nerves send to brain
    4. Brain processes
  • Measuring senses: psychometrics
    • Absolute threshold: minimum intensity to detect stimulus
    • Weber's Law: change in stimulus intensity
    • Difference threshold: minimum change needed to detect difference
    • Weber fraction: calculation for difference threshold
  • Touch: temperature, pressure, pain responses
  • Hearing: pitch (frequency), volume (amplitude), timbre (complexity)
  • Taste: main sensors are taste buds
  • Smell: olfactory sense
  • Sight: physical energy= light, electromagnetic spectrum, wavelength (short = blue, long = red)
    • Rods: vision in dim light
    • Cones: vision in bright light, colour

Levels of processing and memory

  • Acquisition/encoding: process of attending to a stimulus, e.g., saving a file
  • Retention: preserving stored information, e.g., the file remaining on a drive
  • Retrieval: accessing stored information, e.g., opening a file
  • Sensory memory: initial presentation of a stimulus.
    • Iconic memory (Sight): very short duration
    • Echoic memory (Sound): around 4 seconds
  • Short-term memory: memories currently in awareness (consciousness)
    • Capacity: around 5 to 9 items
    • Rehearsal: maintain items in short term memory
    • Decay, displacement: ways memory can be lost from STM
  • Long-term memory: more permanent storage
    • Elaborative rehearsal: transfer items from STM to LTM
    • Primacy effect: remembering items from the beginning of a list
    • Recency effect: remembering items from the end of a list
  • Flashbulb memories: vividly recalled, surprising events
  • Schemas: organising memory based on expectations

Visual Perception

  • Distance perception: ability to judge distance
    • Binocular Cues: (two eyes) convergence, retinal disparity
    • Monocular Cues: (one eye) relative size, linear perspective, texture gradient, height in plane etc.
  • Perceptual Constancy: stable perception of objects despite changes in input to senses
    • Size, Shape, Colour, Brightness

Social Influence

  • Compliance: change of behavior in response to direct request
  • Reciprocity: the norm that obligates us to repay others
  • Consistency: Maintaining consistent behaviors
  • Liking: People are more likely to comply with requests from those they like
  • Authority: People are more likely to comply with requests from authority figures
  • Obedience: change in behavior in response to order from authority figure
  • Conformity: changing behavior to match actions of others (typically to gain acceptance)
    • Informational influence: conforming because of a belief someone understands the situation better
    • Normative influence: conforming to be liked and gain social approval

Social Cognition

  • Attributions: explanations for how people develop causal understanding of behaviour
    • Internal/ dispositional attributions: about a persons personality
    • External/situational attributions: about an external event
  • Fundamental Attribution Error: tendency to attribute behavior to personal characteristics, overlooking the situation.
  • Heuristics: mental shortcuts in decision-making
    • Representativeness Heuristic: judging likelihood based on similarity to a prototype (common representation)
    • Availability Heuristic: judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind
    • Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: making estimates by starting with an initial value and adjusting

Emotions

  • Biology of Emotions: location in the brain (amygdala, orbital frontal cortex)
  • Theories of Emotions:
    • James-Lange theory: physiological response -> emotion
    • Cannon-Bard theory: physiological response & emotion occur simultaneously
    • Two-factor theory (Schachter and Singer): physiological response + cognitive appraisal -> emotion
  • Facial feedback hypothesis: facial expressions influence emotions
  • Emotions and Families of Emotions: emotions can be classified into families based on similarity in response and other factors

Health Psychology

  • Stress:
    • physiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses
    • Stressors: events or situations that cause stress.
    • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): alarm, resistance, exhaustion
    • Coping Mechanisms: cognitive reappraisal, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): stages in response to a continuing stressor.
  • Cognitive appraisal: Our interpretation of the event or its significance
  • Illusory correlations, false consensus effect: errors in judgement of a causal event

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Intro To Psych PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in psychology, including the mind-body separation, Freud's personality theory, and operant conditioning. This quiz covers influential psychologists and their groundbreaking contributions to the field, as well as stress management and coping strategies. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of psychological principles.

More Like This

Psychology: Key Concepts of Personality
34 questions

Psychology: Key Concepts of Personality

SalutaryPentagon avatar
SalutaryPentagon
Psychology Perspective of the Self
34 questions

Psychology Perspective of the Self

TopNotchJudgment9114 avatar
TopNotchJudgment9114
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
18 questions

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

GenialTortoise52 avatar
GenialTortoise52
Psychology Chapter on Personality
30 questions

Psychology Chapter on Personality

SensitiveCosecant6997 avatar
SensitiveCosecant6997
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser