Psychology Chapter on Personality

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Questions and Answers

What key question about personality has long fascinated psychologists?

  • What is the origin of personality? (correct)
  • How does personality impact behavior?
  • What traits are universal in all personalities?
  • How can personality be measured accurately?

Which aspect of personality is suggested to possibly change with age?

  • Behavioral responses to stress
  • The cultural influences on personality
  • The core traits that define personality (correct)
  • The overall understanding of self

What is one of the primary inquiries regarding personality that psychologists explore?

  • Can personality create societal norms?
  • What role do genetics play in personality development? (correct)
  • Is personality the same across cultures?
  • How does personality influence political views?

What term describes the study of individual differences in behavior and emotional patterns?

<p>Personality psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do psychologists ask if personality changes as people age?

<p>To understand development and growth throughout life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research suggest about the origin of personality?

<p>Personality originates within the individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the findings on personality traits?

<p>Certain traits can be expressed differently due to external influences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of personality is primarily considered to be innate?

<p>Intrinsic traits that define individual differences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do researchers view the relationship between external factors and personality traits?

<p>External factors may influence the expression of traits but not their origin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the researchers' stance on personality?

<p>Personality is influenced by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the superego serve in personality?

<p>It restrains the id's impulses in accordance with morality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the superego interact with the id?

<p>It allows the id to fulfill certain impulses only if they are morally acceptable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the ego, how does the superego operate?

<p>It imposes moral restrictions that the ego must negotiate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the superego prioritize when dealing with id impulses?

<p>Safety and moral acceptance of actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the id and the superego?

<p>The superego regulates the id's impulses based on moral guidelines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sub/preconscious primarily contain?

<p>Memories that can be accessed consciously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sub/preconscious relate to conscious thought?

<p>It influences conscious thought without awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the accessibility of memories in the sub/preconscious?

<p>They can be easily retrieved when needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sub/preconscious in relation to thoughts?

<p>To organize and prepare memories for conscious retrieval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sub/preconscious?

<p>Is permanently disconnected from conscious awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of Freud's research methodology?

<p>It was based on a small number of case studies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which populations did Freud primarily study in his research?

<p>Individuals from a specific culture and wealthy background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many case studies did Freud primarily base his research on?

<p>A small number of case studies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Freud's sample considered not representative?

<p>It was based on specific cultural and socioeconomic factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the focus of Freud's case studies?

<p>His findings may lack broad applicability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when ego-defense mechanisms are used too frequently?

<p>Development of neuroses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a neurosis resulting from excessive use of ego-defense mechanisms?

<p>Confidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes ego-defense mechanisms?

<p>They are natural and normal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms can emerge due to neuroses linked to excessive ego-defense mechanisms?

<p>Anxiety states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can ego-defense mechanisms lead to neuroses?

<p>When they are out of proportion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Personality

A unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that makes an individual distinct.

Personality Psychology

The study of personality with different theories and models.

Nature

Relating to the influence of genetics and biological factors on personality.

Nurture

Relating to the influence of experiences and environment on personality.

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Personality Change

The idea that personality can change over time, often as a result of experiences and life events.

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External Factors

Factors outside a person, like their environment or experiences, that can shape their personality.

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Personality Originates Within

The belief that a person's personality comes from within, not solely from external influences.

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Trait Expression

The way a person's personality is expressed or displayed.

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External Factors and Trait Expression

The way external factors can interact with a person's internal personality, potentially influencing how personality is displayed.

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Subconscious

The part of our mind that stores memories that are not currently in our conscious awareness but can be accessed when needed.

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Consciousness

The level of awareness that we are currently experiencing. It is where our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are present.

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Subconscious Memories

Memories stored in our subconscious that can be brought into our conscious awareness when needed.

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Bringing subconcious memories into conscious awareness

The ability to access and retrieve subconscious memories into the conscious mind.

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Conscious Retrieval

The process of making information from the subconscious mind accessible to conscious awareness.

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Superego

The part of our personality that represents our moral compass and sense of right and wrong.

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Superego's Role

The superego controls the id's impulses, allowing them to be expressed only when they are deemed morally acceptable, safe, and practical.

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Superego vs. Ego

The superego is connected to morality, unlike the ego, which focuses on balancing reality with the id's desires.

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Superego's Function

The superego aims to suppress unacceptable impulses, preventing actions that go against our moral code.

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Individual Differences in Superego

The superego's strength and influence can vary from person to person, leading to differences in moral behavior.

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Ego-defense mechanisms

Natural and normal mental processes that protect us from distress and anxiety.

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Neuroses

When ego-defense mechanisms are used excessively, leading to mental health issues.

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Anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria

A range of mental health issues including anxiety, phobias, obsessions, and hysteria.

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Frequency of ego-defense mechanisms

The excessive use of ego-defense mechanisms can contribute to developing neuroses.

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Ego-defense mechanisms and neuroses

The idea that frequent use of ego-defense mechanisms can lead to mental health issues.

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Sample

The group of people studied in a research project.

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Representativeness

The extent to which a sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population from which it was drawn.

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Cultural Bias

The impact of cultural influences on the study participants.

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Sampling Bias

The tendency for researchers to focus on a specific type of participant due to factors like their background or socioeconomic status.

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Limited Sample

The lack of diversity in a sample, potentially limiting the generalizability of research findings.

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Study Notes

Personality Defined

  • Personality is the consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.

  • Psychologists don't always agree on a single definition.

  • Personality is generally consistent throughout life, though some aspects may change with age.

  • External factors influence how personality traits are expressed but the core originates within the individual.

Characteristics of Personality

  • Personality is organized and consistent, with consistent responses in various situations.

  • Personality is influenced by environmental factors.

Famous Figures in Psychology

  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) founded psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing unconscious mind, childhood experiences, dreams, and symbolism.

  • Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests stages with libidinal energy focused on specific body parts.

Freud's Theory of Personality

  • Levels of consciousness: Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious.

  • Structure of personality: Id (pleasure principle), Ego (reality principle), and Superego (morality principle.)

  • Anxiety and defense mechanisms

  • Psychosexual Stages of Development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

  • Stages involve specific erogenous zones and conflicts.

  • Fixation at a stage can lead to an immature personality and potentially psychological problems later in life

  • Examples of fixations are given in the text.

Defense Mechanisms

  • Unconscious psychological strategies to protect from anxiety or guilt.

  • Examples of common defense mechanisms are given.

Why Ego Defenses Are Needed

  • Ego defenses protect individuals from anxiety or guilt caused by demanding or threatened ID or superego.

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