Podcast
Questions and Answers
What do observers tend to do when explaining another person's behavior according to the fundamental attribution error?
What do observers tend to do when explaining another person's behavior according to the fundamental attribution error?
- Overestimate the significance of internal traits (correct)
- Ignore the impact of personal traits
- Overestimate the role of external situations
- Underestimate the importance of internal traits
Which of the following conditions is NOT related to when attitudes guide actions?
Which of the following conditions is NOT related to when attitudes guide actions?
- The person shows strong awareness of attitudes
- The person has a vested interest
- The person's attitudes are weak (correct)
- The person's attitudes are strong
What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?
What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?
- Strong affinity for one's own beliefs
- Conflict between attitudes and behaviors (correct)
- Consistency in beliefs and behaviors
- Adopting new beliefs readily
Which of the following is an empowering attitude that contributes to critical thinking?
Which of the following is an empowering attitude that contributes to critical thinking?
What type of thinking errors can lead to harmful perceptions of the world?
What type of thinking errors can lead to harmful perceptions of the world?
Flashcards
Fundamental Attribution Error
Fundamental Attribution Error
When explaining someone's actions, we tend to overestimate the impact of their personality and underestimate the influence of the situation.
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
It's a state of discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
Changing our thoughts or behaviors to alleviate the discomfort of cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive Restructuring
Cognitive Restructuring
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Logical Errors in Thinking
Logical Errors in Thinking
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Study Notes
Fundamental Attribution Error
- Observers often overemphasize internal traits (personality, attitude) and underestimate external factors (situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior.
- Example: Attributing test failure to laziness instead of considering external factors like difficulty of the test or lack of resources.
Poor Self-Regulation
- Linked to impulsivity.
Attitudes Guiding Actions
- Strong attitudes.
- Awareness and practice of attitudes.
- Vested interest.
Empowering Attitudes for Critical Thinking
- Continuous improvement is possible.
- Constructive criticism (including self-criticism) is valuable.
- Effort is key to success.
- Value for others.
Cognitive Dissonance
- Unpleasant feeling when beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors clash.
- Solutions include changing behavior to match attitudes or altering attitudes to match behavior.
Rationalizing Behavior
- People may justify or rationalize behaviors that clash with their beliefs in order to reduce discomfort.
- Example: A smoker downplaying the health risks of smoking by focusing on potential weight gain if they quit.
Cognitive Restructuring
- A method for altering thought patterns causing problematic behavior.
Logical Errors in Thinking
- Perceiving the world as harmful despite contrary evidence.
- Exaggerating the significance of negative events.
- Adopting absolute or rigid thinking.
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