Psychology: Cognitive Biases and Scientific Method

Founded the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, dedicated to the scientific study of immediate conscious experience of sensation using careful methodology and introspection.

The structure of the mind and identification of the basic elements of consciousness (sensations, feelings, and images) using trained introspection.

Analyzed consciousness into its basic elements and investigated how elements were related (structuralism) using introspection.

<p>Set up a laboratory at Johns Hopkins University employing introspection, helped found the American Psychological Association, and focused on child development and evolutionary theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He thought they were asking the wrong questions and were more interested in the function or purpose of behavioral acts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That results of experiments be replicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary focus of the structuralist approach was to identify the structures of the human mind and to identify the basic elements of consciousness. They used introspection as a method, where individuals would report their own feelings and experiences during an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigmund Freud is credited with establishing the school of psychoanalysis. He believed that unconscious thoughts, internal conflicts, and early childhood experiences influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ivan Pavlov's research focused on the study of learning, and it led to the discovery of classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John B. Watson established the psychological school of behaviorism, which focused on observable behavior and rejected the study of consciousness and the unconscious mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B.F. Skinner's research focused on behavior, and he used operant conditioning, which involves the use of punishment and reinforcement to modify behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were the leaders of the humanistic approach in psychology, which focused on human dignity, self-actualization, and personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A good scientific theory should be falsifiable, meaning it can be proven wrong through experimentation and observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of peer review is to subject a theory to rigorous testing and scrutiny by experts in the same field to establish credibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A theory is a general, tested, and widely accepted model that explains and predicts behaviors or events, while a hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction based on a theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our theories can bias our observations, leading us to see patterns or meaning that may not be there.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overconfidence, or the tendency to think we know more than we do, is an example of a cognitive bias that can affect scientific research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testing hypotheses allows researchers to determine whether their predictions are supported by evidence, and to refine or reject their theories accordingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers